Benefits Of Using Gis In Waste Management Environmental Sciences Essay

Benefits Of utilise Gis In Waste Management environmental Sciences Essay material nullify forethought involves a bout of stages starting from the choice of sites for landfill, battle array, transportation and disposal of the solid tempestuous. Both economic and environmental planners be concerned with the setting up of monetary economic value effective and environmentally fri kiboshly systems for solid dotty counselling. geographic study placement (GIS) is a whoreson that evict provide spatial and non spatial education for urban supplying and steering. This musical theme focuses on the application of GIS as a readiness and data array tool in Solid Waste Management and analyses to what extent GIS is existence utilize in solid fumble management by the topical anesthetic organisation in Mauritius and similarly identifies the barriers to the proper use of GIS in this sector. A GIS toughie for the potassium Port-Savanne District Council (GPSVDC) a local a uthority in Mauritius is educated using ArcGIS software and this evoke be used as a decision harbour tool in planning extravagance drawion and disposal.The Re earth of Mauritius is a small island developing state of matter (SIDS), situated at 800 km off the ascribable east coast of Madagascar at longitude 58 East and latitude 20 South in the Indian maritime with a total surface neighborhood of 1870 km. In attention deficit hyperactivity disorderition to the island of Mauritius, the Republic includes the islands of Cargados Carajos, Rodrigues and the Agalega Islands. The main island of Mauritius has a population of around 1.28 million inhabitants. The rapid industrialization and urbanization during the past decade carry conduct to changing labor and breathing in patterns that continue to present new demands for natural resources and create new counteract streams. It is expect that solid waste produced in Mauritius is about 380,000 tons a year (or 1,200 tons per day) a nd is expected to reach 418,000 tonnes in 2014. The present strategy of disposing wastesat thelandfill and/or ditching sites allow in the semipermanent be no longer sustainable or appropriate with the rapid increase in waste generation, scarcity of appropriate landfill sites and the density of human settlement. The development of an integrated solid waste management strategy is among the priorities identified in the National environmental Strategies to decoct future costs from environment degradation. Governments policy is to encourage waste lessening, minimize its generation, encourage the adoption of environmentally sound methods of resource recovery and modernize the institutional and legal framework for the entire logistical chain accretion, storage, take out and disposal and introduce a cost recovery mechanism.There has been consciousness regarding waste management amongst umpteen countries. There has been development of new technologies for upward(a) the waste ma nagement systems. GIS is one of the new technologies which have contributed a lot in very little time span to the waste management society. (Moiz Ahmed Shaikh, 2006)This musical composition analyses the benefits of using GIS as a tool in solid waste management and makes an treasurement of how far GIS is being used by the local authorities in Mauritius and identifies the barriers to the use of GIS in solid waste management in Mauritius. A GIS model for the Grand Port-Savanne District Council (GPSVDC) a local authority in Mauritius is produced using ArcGIS software and this can be used as a decision support tool in planning waste array and disposal. immobile WASTE MANAGEMENT IN MAURITIUSSolid Waste Management in Mauritius falls under the right of the Ministry of Local Government and Outer Islands. The main island of Mauritius has five Municipal Councils namely (i) Port Louis, (ii) Beau Bassin/ move Hill, (iii) Quatre Bornes , (iv) Vacoas/Phoenix and (v) Curepipe. There are also f our District Councils namely (i) Pamplemousses/Rivire du Rempart, (ii) Moka-Flacq, (iii) Grand Port-Savanne and (iv) moody River. Solid waste collection and disposal is undertaken by these local authorities in areas under their legal power and is disposed of at the Mare Chicose landfill via a nedeucerk of transfer stations situated in St Martin, Roche Bois, Poudre DOr and La Brasserie. Waste collection and disposal is also carried out by private companies on contract basis. The scarce(prenominal) landfill on the island is at Mare Chicose which is managed by a private contractor. With the increase in waste production the life span of the landfill is going on decreasing and soon there will be a need to increase the capacity of the landfill or to find a nonher locality to set up a second landfill.The cursory management of waste collection and disposal activities is carried out by officers of the Health segment of the Municipal Councils and the District Councils.1.3 What is GIS?GIS is a computer system for capturing, storing, checking, integrating, manipulating, analyzing and displaying data related to positions on the Earths surface. Typically, a Geographical Information System is used for handling maps of one mixed bag or another. These might be equal as several different layers where each layer holds data about a particular kind of feature. Each feature is connectioned to a position on the graphical image on a map and a record in an attribute table. GIS allows us to view, understand, question, interpret, and visualize data in legion(predicate) ways that reveal relationships, patterns, and trends in the form of maps, globes, reports, and charts. A GIS helps you answer questions and solve problems by looking at your data in a way that is quickly understood and easily shared. GIS technology can be integrated into any enterprise information system framework.1.4 Uses of GIS in Solid Waste ManagementSolid waste management comprises several phases, starting fr om the stage where the waste is retrovertd till it reaches its final destination or at a stage where it is no more a threat to the environment. It is observed that solid waste management can be bifurcated into mainly 2 phases. One is the waste management in the area where it is generated and second is the management of waste at dumping grounds. (Moiz Ahmed Shaikh, 2006). The development of Geographic Information System (GIS) and its use throughout the world has contributed a lot in improving waste management systems. GIS helps to counterfeit data in the computer to simulate alternatives and to take the most effective decisions. GIS can add value to waste management applications by providing outputs for decision support and abridgment in a wide spectrum of projects such as travel plan planning for waste collection, site selection exercises for transfer stations, landfills or waste collection points. GIS provides a flexible platform which integrates and analyses maps and waste management databases.GIS allows us to create and store as many layers of data or maps as we want and provides various possibilities to integrate tremendous amounts of data and map overlays into a single output to aid in decision making (Chang et al. 1997).The changing production and consumption patterns have caused a rise in the volume of solid waste putting considerable pressure on Governments in dealing with the increased waste generation. It implies that local authorities will require huge outstanding investments and processal strategies for collection, transportation and disposal of solid waste. Delimiting factors such as control financial resources have make it imperative to replace alive ad hoc methods utilize in solid waste management and planning (Vijay et al. 2008).Sarptas et al. (2005) studied the use GIS in solid waste management in coastal areas as a decision support system with a case study on landfill site selection. The results of the study are that GIS is becomi ng a powerful tool in SWM. However there are still somewhat drawbacks and deficiencies in applying the method protractedly. For example, it is not applied in solid waste generation studies because large fluctuations in solid waste generation by time and space and the dynamic nature of urban areas generate several difficulties in determining the current solid waste generation patterns. In the early pointedness of GIS technology, from the 1980s to the early 1990s, GIS software was capable of executing only basic geographical operations. These capabilities of GIS software limited the user to only basic tasks such as exclusion and allowed them to determine only alternative landfill sites in landfill siting applications. Advances in information technology and increasing approaching to computer systems by decision makers have ameliorate the usefulness of computer models and computer aided technologies in DSS in the last decade. One of the typical examples is the SWM systems. The GIS m odels do not only support the decision procedure but also facilitate the communication and correlative understanding between decision maker and the people, because the implications of a SWM closely affects the society. However, the basic limitations in the use of GIS in SWM is the data availability. Because, especially in developing countries the available data are very scarce and access to the data is very poor and tiring. In addition, the existing data are not reliable, not accumulate, stored and disseminated systematically. more than comprehensive researches and more efforts on data gathering to fulfill the needs of GIS models are recommended.Since routing models make extensive use of spatial data, GIS can provide effective handling, displaying and manipulation of such geographical and spatial information. For example, Ghose et al. (2006) proposed a model for the system of Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) collection that provides planning for distribution of collection bins, freig ht rate balancing of vehicles and generation of optimal routing found on GIS.According to Reddy et al. (2007), traditional and static approaches are no longer adequate for analyzing network flows and conducting minimum cost routing. Reddy et al. attempted to develop a decision support system for generating an optimum highway for solid waste disposal in Hyderabad City and hence to reduce the blank space ran by the collection vehicle using GIS. GIS tool provides an effective decision support through its database management capabilities, graphical user interfaces and cartographic visualization. The system genuine by Reddy et al. used the Network analyst module available in Arcview, which is a path-finding program used to model the movement of resources between two points or more.Chatila (2008) developed a GIS system for natural resources management and cycle of solid waste in the cross tracks of Marjeyoun in Southern Lebanon. A GIS map was prepared to serve as a govern manage ment plan along with an environmental assessment that identifies cumulative pressures and impacts of some human activities on the village and the environment. A recycle program was developed based on solid waste sampling and depth psychology of collection systems.In a study carried out by Bergeron et al. (2010), 3D visualization and GIS were used to produce a digital city model for the Star City, West Virginia to allow government officials and managers to manage assets and transact day-to-day operations, develop sustainable planning initiatives, and management of solid waste assets and facilities, planning for solid waste and recycle facilities and drop-offs, mapping and planning efficient waste hauler routes and identifying issues such a underserved populations and illegal dumping. However, structure and using a GIS requires expert knowledge, and can often pr take downt such systems from being used to their honorable capability by local officials. In addition, local government i s often comprised of mature citizens who are perpetrate to serving their community but may be wary of new technologies that are unfamiliar to them.1.5 AIMS AND OBJECTIVESThe sire of this authorship is to analyse the extent to which GIS is being used in waste management by the local authorities in Mauritius, to identify barriers to proper use of GIS in solid waste management and to assess to what extent GIS affects sustainable waste management as a decision support tool in planning waste collection, recycling, waste requisition and disposal in tramp to create cost-effective systems. in the end a model will be proposed for the Grand Port-Savanne District Council (GPSVDC) a local authority in Mauritius using ArcGIS software that could be used as a decision support tool in planning waste collection and disposal. The model produced will be used to store information regarding the existing collection routes, land use data, population data etc and data regarding the volume of waste pr oduced. Based on these information decisions appropriate decisions can be taken to improve the existing solid waste management system and also predictions can be made for future plans.Hence, in short the aims of this project are mainly as followsTo identify to what extent GIS is being used in waste management in Mauritius.To identify barriers to proper use of GIS in waste management.To assess to what extent GIS affects sustainable waste management as a decision support tool in planning waste collection, recycling, waste segregation and disposalTo carry out a case study for the Grand Port-Savanne District Council (GPSVDC) a local authority in Mauritius in order to produce a database for decision making.The paper will also carry out a literature study of some examples of GIS work for waste management. The study will include a give-and-take and a critical compendium of the models. The analysis of these studies will allow us to learn about the usefulness of GIS as a tool is solid wast e waste management and these may be developed for Mauritius in the context of creating an Integrated Solid Waste Management Plan. pass on to literature review, a number of hypotheses have been designed and have been described brieflyGIS and Social cultivationH1 There is a significant link between GIS and Social Development.H0 There is no significant link between GIS and Social Development.GIS and frugal DevelopmentH1 There is a significant link between GIS and Economic Development.H0 There is no significant link between GIS and Economic Development.GIS and Environmental DevelopmentH1 There is a significant link between GIS and Environmental Development.H0 There is no significant link between GIS and Environmental Development.To achieve these aims, a logical step has been carried out to complete this project. The structure of the research gives an idea of the issues cover in this project.1.6 MethodologyIn order to analyse the general waste management situation in the local authorit ies (Municipalities and District Councils) in Mauritius, a scientific approach was implemented to gather autochthonic information which comprises of different steps. These steps are as follows whole tone 1 The target group was identified. 30 officers working in the Local Authorities were interviewed. Alongside, a questionnaire vide Appendix 1, was designed to retrieve information from the respondents.Step 2 The 30 officers were interviewed and the questionnaire was used as a guide to ensure proper flow of questions. However, more emphasis was put in open ended questions so as to get maximum information concerning their point of view relating to the present waste management system.Step 3 The data collected was analyze using SPSS and Excel whereby results were shown on a first instance in terms of descriptive statistics being line charts, bar charts and in terms inferential statistics being correlation, cross tabulation.Step 4 A list of recommendations and suggestions are devoted regarding the use of GIS in solid waste management in Mauritius and how they it can help in sustainable waste management. As well as, what can be through to subside the barriers that prevent the proper use of GIS.Chapter 2GIS ideal Analysis2.1 Model 1This is an overview and a discussion of the paper, A case study of fuel savings through optimisation of MSW transportation routes written by Gilberto Tavares, Zdena Zsigraiova, Viriato Semiao, Maria da Graa Carvalho published in 2008 in the Journal Management of Environmental Quality, stack 19 Issue 4.At the end of the discussion there are critical views on this paper work.2.1.1 Waste management background in Cape VerdeThis study has been carried out for Cape Verde where the demographic growth, touristry and other economic activities are putting enormous pressure on government. There is still pellucid lack of development plans, the existing waste management being kinda poor and characterized by inefficient collection systems. (Gi lbero Tavares, 2008)Besides, the negative impact of untreated waste on public health and on public concern, which focused the attention of engineers and scientists on the quest for waste management solutions viewing the prevention of undesired environmental effects, economy plays also an important role on this activity. In fact, collection and transportation of waste can absorb as much as 75 per cent of the municipalities MSWM budget that are usually the institutions trustworthy for such activities. (Gilbero Tavares, 2008)One of the heavy costs present in MSWM systems is the fuel price and its consumption is needs associated with undesired pollutants emissions. Therefore, the minimisation of fuel consumption to perform waste collection and transportation to its treatment or final disposal brings enormous savings and environmental benefits.2.1.2 GIS approachThe methodology used comprised of three phases. bod 1 The model of the terrain and the route networkA 3D model of the entire island of Santo Antao, Cape Verde was produced based on a digitised map provided in CAD files. The 3D model is generated as polylines based on contour lines that reflect the actual ease of the terrain. Using ArcGIS 3D Analyst, the 3D roadway network is and so generated from both the 2D road network and the terrain model complying with the road gradients. This methodology makes possible the generation of road networks in the appropriate form allowing for the calculation of all inclinations of each road segment, which permits to determine the fuel consumption for both road directions (uphill and downhill). The 3D digital model and the road network obtained allows the large variability of the relief to be observed.Phase 2 Calculation of actual fuel consumptionFuel consumption during waste collection and transportation is influenced by the travelled distance and by the actual operation conditions of a given vehicle. These effects are incorporated in the model through the methodolog y established by Ntziachristos and Samaras (2000) in COPERT, which is a computer programme to calculate emissions from transport vehicles on road. (Gilbero Tavares, 2008)Besides considering specific vehicle parameters, the methodology also takes into account different driving conditions, namely the type of the driving situation, the vehicle load and the road gradient. The gradient of a road increases, when positive, or decreases, when negative, the resistance of a vehicle to traction. Therefore, and because of their large masses, the power employed during the driving is the decisive parameter for the fuel consumption. Once calculated, the fuel consumption value for each route arc is stored in the spatial data base to be used later during the route convergent thinker procedure that searches for the route with minimum fuel consumption.Phase 3 Optimisation of vehicle routingThe efficiency of a management system that is able to solve problems related to vehicles circulation in road n etworks can be careful through its capacity to obtain optimised routes. For a system of MSW transportation, this consists of generating an optimal route for a given vehicle so that the value of the selected cost criterion is minimised.For the calculation of the optimal routing, the model used herein makes sanctuary to ESRIs programs ArcGIS, ArcInfo and Network Analyst extension, and it finds the minimum defined impedance path through a network. In order to comparability solutions and clarify the potential of the present methodology, the routes are optimised regarding either the lowest fuel consumption or the shortest distance.FindingsThe findings of the study showed that the optimisation for the lowest fuel consumption yields 52 per cent savings in fuel, when compared to that for the shortest distance, even travelling a 34 percent longer distance, which shows the importance of considering simultaneously the relief of the territory and the lowest fuel consumption criterion when o ptimising vehicle routes.2.1.3 Critical viewsWith such a supporting decision tool savings in fuel are huge, the efficiency of management systems is improved and the environmental impact during daily operation is reduced. The GIS 3D route modelling takes into account the effects of both the road inclination and the vehicle load. The originality of the work lies in the chosen approach. To optimize vehicle routes the criterion of minimum fuel consumption rather than the commonly used shortest distance is used, since fuel consumption is the factor reflecting actual costs relative to MSW management.2.2 Model 2This is an overview and a discussion of the paper, A GIS Approach to Waste Management and Recycling in youthful York secernate. Written by Ghaly, Ashraf and published in 2009 in the journal Proceedings of the International Conference on Waste Technology Management, p1140-1150.At the end of the discussion there are critical views on this paper work.2.2.1 Purpose of the studySolid waste and recycling programs requires management of large databases including collection data, transfer, processing, disposal, export, import, and future planning. The eubstance of information involved in the decision making process is too challenging to effectively mange due to the many components it contains. A GIS approach takes advantage of the spatial nature of data presentation to illustrate the areas of authority in the system and to identify the areas in need for improvement. Such a system is not only useful to managers and state officials but it also is easier for the public to comprehend and appreciate. GIS also makes it easier to measure success and get word trends, which ultimately help improve the system to disclose manage collection, sorting, and recycling facilities. (Ghaly A., 2009)The existing recycling programs are put in place to reduce the use of virgin materials from fo counterpoises, energy consumption, greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, and wet pollution. T hese programs ultimate goal is to promote conservation and to encourage the members of the public to be active participants in this effort. This paper uses GIS to demonstrate, using maps, the current state of waste management and recycling efforts, future plans, and methods of measuring success crossways geographic boundaries. The paper concludes that a spatially-based management system supplys advantages, which makes it superior to non-spatial systems.Data CollectionThis paper uses data published by the New York State surgical incision of Environmental Conservation (DEC) for all the counties in the state to study the efficiency of the existing recycling programs and to find ways to optimize the use of landfills. This analysis is done for Municipal Solid Waste (MSW), industrial waste, demolition and construction debris, and for waste exported out of the state to live North East states.For better management of solid waste in the state of New York, the Department of Environmental Con servation (DEC) maintains a comprehensive database on waste composition, pattern of waste generation, and methods of disposal. The success of this operation depends on the quality and accuracy of data collected. This data helps in the decision making process regarding the transfer and processing of solid waste, disposal, import/export, recycling, and in making plans for the future.To contribute to these efforts, the Northeast Recycling Council (NERC) developed an Environmental Benefits Calculator which generates estimates of the environmental benefits based on the tonnages of recycled materials. Environmental benefits metrics involves quantifyingthe reduction in use of virgin materials from forests, oil supplies, and mines reduction in energyconsumption reduction of Green House Gas (GHG) emissions and the reduction of water pollution, and conservation of natural resources. These are all goals that DEC is interested in increasing awareness for.Waste management and recycling are impac ted by economic and political factors. These factors add a layer of complexity to the data collection process. Some of the concerns related to these issues are solid waste migration of recyclables crossways geographic boundaries, which involve dealing with regulations of various agencies and governments. In addition, the diversity and variety of recyclable materials add to the clog of compliance with required transportation methods across boundary lines.Four Phase PlanThe DEC developed ambitious plans for data collection and analysis. This plan is made of fourphasesPhase 1 Fill in data gaps by enforcing reporting requirements researching recyclables data available from transfer or disposal facilities and seeking automatic data from non-regulated recyclers.Phase 2 Validate/improve data by using metrics to compare data from Planning Units and facilities auditing a sampling of annual reports include data source checks at set inspections and investing in electronic reporting mechani sms.Phase 3 Develop State policies to improve recycling by updating regulations to foster increased recycling using permit conditions to promote best practices involving State agencies/facilities and incorporating these ideas into the State SWM Plan.Phase 4 Work with Planning Units to grow recycling by establishing more recycling metrics reestablishing State promotion of 3Rs (reduce, reuse, and recycle) targeting higher recovery for paper and organics and targeting outreach toward specific sectors such as government agencies, schools, and food service.Role of GIS in NYS PlanData is the heart and soul of waste management analysis and future planning. In complying with their reporting requirements, the enormous number of facilities involved in waste management and recycling in NYS delivers tremendous amount of data. With its spatial nature as shown in the above maps, GIS can add a visual dimension to data that is otherwise too complex to comprehend. With more emphasis position on enh ancing reporting to comply with regulations, the bulk of the collected data is expected to increase and become more elaborate. It is believed that GIS with its excellent spatial techniques can help in the analysis phase and in the decision making process as well.Critical viewsA spatially-based geographic information system (GIS) for data management and analysis seems to be more capable of handling enormous amount of data similar to the volume collected by New York States Department of Environmental Conservation on solid waste and recycling activities in the state. With the Department of Environmental Conservation (DEC) aiming at improving reporting and analysis for better management, GIS can offer the tool necessary to accomplish these tasks with efficiency and ease.Based on this model, GIS can be used to collect data in respect of the type and volume of recyclable materials around the island of Mauritius. We can thus better plan the collection of recyclable wastes.2.3 Model 3This i s an overview and a discussion of the paper, GIS Application in organise Solid Waste Collection The Case of Sinza Neighbourhood in Kinondoni Municipality, Dar es Salaam City, Tanzania. Written by Alphonce Kyessi and Victoria Mwakalinga and published in 2009 in the journal FIG Working Week 2009.At the end of the discussion there are critical views on this paper work.In this paper Alphonce Kyessi used GIS in ROUTING EFFICIENCY ANALYSIS FOR SOLID WASTE COLLECTION IN SINZA A NEIGHBOURHOOD IN DAR ES SALAAM.6.1 LocationSinza A is one of five residential neighbourhoods of Sinza ward in Kinondoni Municipality in Dar es Salaam. allowance about 5,000 people, the neighbourhood is located about 12 kilometres from the Dar es Salaam city centre. The Kinondoni Municipal Council had assure private companies and civil societies organisations in the collection of solid waste in residential neighbourhoods. Kimangele Company bound is one of those private contractors.The routing system for Kimangele Company was studied in detail to assess the solid waste collection efficiency as shown in Figure 5 and 6.Figure 5 Location of Sinza A area for Kimangele ContractorSource Mwakalinga, 2005Kimangele plies from house to house to establish a solid waste collection system known as bring system in Sinza A. The bring system is done in big catchment areas i.e. above 50 metres in radius.Waste generation and collectionSinza A consisted of 876 households (Mwakalinga, 2005). Generally the area generates about 14.5 tonnes of waste per day. The waste composes of plastics, tins, organic food waste, packaging materials, clothes, metals and bottles.Out of the waste generated, the contractor collects 8.4 tonnes from households. The rest About 5.1 tonnes (47.7%) of waste are collected by informal collectors (using wooden carts) to designated collection centres. The rest (about 1 tonne) is haphazardly dumped in rivers, on roads sides, burnt or buried.About 160 households are not members of house to hou se collection service they prefer using the informal collectors instead of the contractors motor transports. When interviewed, these households complained of ineffective collection system by the Contractor. One of the given reasons was that the truck was not following the rout as agreed. Others households give tongue to the collection charge of TShs. 2000/= per household was too high. They were ready to pay only TShs. 500/= per house unheeding the number households in the house.Figure 6 Collection Systems as applied by Kimangele Company in Sinza ASource Mwakalinga, 2005When the Contractor was interviewed in 2005, he replied that, out of 716 households he was serving only 70% paid the refuse collection charges (Mwakalinga, 2005).According to Figure 8 below, there are some areas where the truck drives twice creating overlaps. Normally, a truck stands at a pick-up point, about 50 meters from the other. In other circumstances, the distance is more than 50 metres, and as a result more waiting time by the truck is needed indicating that the whole system of waste collection was foiled.Work OrganisationThe collection frequency by Kimangele was done twice a week i.e. Wednesdays and Saturdays. The service starts at 6.30 am to 5.30pm. The truck was making two trips on each day due to the amount of waste generated and the ability of the truck to carry the waste. The route for the first trip starts at Superstar area and ends at Kivulini through Sam Nujoma road to Mtoni kwa Kabuma dump site, about 30 kilometres away (see Figure 7). The route for the second trip passes through Morogoro road via Shekilango road the first point in this trip is Super Star Street ending at caf Hispanic Street. Thereafter the route enters Sam Nujoma road to the main dump site, Mtoni kwa Kabuma.Figure 7 Existing track for Kimangele Company in Sinza A Neighbourhood6.4