One of the stories's title Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

One of the stories&aposs title - Research newspaper publisher ExampleIn this case Jonathan is seen as being careful. This explains the post war atmosphere where threats could arise at any time. The anticipation of the many is obvious once Jonathan receives his token and chooses to hold it in his hand or else than directly pocket it. The narrator at this point carefully explains the active role of Jonathan in that he creates an optimistic atmosphere. The grant in this case is meant to ensure Jonathan regain his social status.The passage is a joining between war period and the post war era. The civil war had taken a chime on lives of common citizens. The author uses Jonathan symbolically. Jonathan represents the common citizens and soldiers who took part in the civil war. The essence of this passage is that it indicates the comical mood expressed by the characters. The pound note is symbolic as it represents peace and tranquility. The jovial severalise of Jonathan explains the mo od expressed after civil war. The man defined as being in a state of near-madness (28) is a forecast of what will happen to Jonathans token. The man explains the exploitative nature of the government, Jonathan on the other hand represent group of individuals optimistic of the future but still depend on the government.In the end, the grant money is stolen by a gang of thieves. It is ironic that Jonathan is attacked immediately after receiving the cash. In the final part of the story a gang attacks his house and forces him to hand over the egg-rasher (30). There is a connection between the passage and the events that transpired at the end of the passage. The thieves are satisfied with the 20 pounds they are prone perhaps to indicate that they were aware of the exact amount handed to Jonathan. In this case the coal alliance represented could be the same gang leaders. The passage also connects with the title civil peace. The part represents a government which gives and takes from its own citizens. The

Marketing and International Retailing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4500 words

Marketing and International Retailing - Essay Example64), and that certain iue relating to corporate ocial reponibility are placed within the ame trategic context a, for example, pricing and continuity of upply.In the year ahead, retail trategit are apparent to focu increaed attention on the election of grab partner organization (Wrigley, 1994, pp. 6-7 Lowe and Wrigley, 1996 Morganoky, 1997, p. 369 Martin et al., 1998, p. 14) and put in place appropriate leaderhip model to enure that interaction between individual throughout the partnerhip manifet itelf in buine deciion which in turn reult in a utainable competitive advantage being achieved and maintained. Thi mean that manager need toA regard cutomer retention in particular, taff in each of the partner organization will in future need to be more(prenominal) pro-active in promoting the concept of cutomer relationhip direction, which i underpinned by a clearly defined et of organizational value. A closely crafted relationhip se lling trategy will help to enure that long-term, quality-baed relationhip are developed with taff in partner organization throughout the market channel (Grant, 1991, p. 45 Juttner and Peck, 1998). The adoption of thi burn down will link marketing policy to human reource management policy, and attention will be focued on the co-ordination and flow of information among taff, between function and facilitate, and on the progression of inter-organizational interaction (Cepede, 1995, pp. 251-2 Platt and Yeung, 2000).Furthermore, retail marketing planner and manager need to adopt a reflective approach to marketing deciion-making, and thi mean engaging more with marketing academic in order that a little evaluation can be made of marketing policy and trategy related deciion. The reult hould be the development of marketing knowledge. New inight generated can be converted into new theoretical approache (Burton, 2005, p. 11). The outcome hould prove beneficial by advancing marketing theory , linking it to practice, and explaining development in current area of tudy uch a cutomer relationhip management (Baker, 2003). That aid, it i a quetion worthy of cloe conideration whether or not all thi can be achieved without a more holitic appreciation of what marketing intelligence repreent. An anwer will be offered during the coure of the paper.Firt, however, attention will be turned to what contitute a cutomer-driven international trategy, to the subject of developing long-term relationhip, and to the building of long-term partnerhip arrangement. Thee are conidered to be the key factor to be conidered when deviing a retailing trategy.Cutomer-Driven International trategieThe focu on international trategy i not intended to exclude conideration of dometic trategy, but sort of reflect the reality of twenty-firt century retailing and the focu of many of the other author whoe work i reviewed. That increaingly self-propelling buine environment force manager to implement change, p oibly through incremental adaptation and, when neceary, experimentation. Marketing manager then need to be aware of how intelligence gathered from the external and internal

Attraction and Mate Selection Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Attraction and Mate Selection - Essay ExampleGrochowski, 2006). No participation encourages its members to select cooperator with complete freedom. Moreover the problem with the kin marriage is that it can lead to undesirable genetic consequences in offspring which increases the chances of death before they even grow up. Exogamy is influenced by factors such as size, mutation and sex ratio of the community it is thought that marriage is an institution that functions to preserve hunt down, class, education and social distinction. The society in which a person lives determines its mate alternative some societies consider people who are link by birth and some consider people who live together in same households, other societies by adoption, marriage or clan. Wikes et al. further states that, in most of the societies a person marries outside ones nuclear family (exogamy) but is encouraged to marry to a member of ones own class, race or religion (endogamy). and so exogamous group is small and endogamous group is large. In some societies both these groups can be equal too as when they are divided into clans and lineages. (2006)Sociological factors also play their part in mate selection. Looking at the homogamy theory, which supports the idea that like is attracted to like, thus people are more liable(predicate) to study a mate who is similar to them in many dimensions. Homogamy theory states that people select match who are like them in physical characteristics such as height and weight and psychological characteristics including intelligence, interest, attitude, set and personality (Daniel T. Gilbert, Susan T. Fiske, Gardner Lindzey, 1998). In most of the families it is assumed that their children will marry within same race, status, religious affiliation and ethnic group. People usually search mates within their own race norms with respect to race are strongly adhered to. Gilbert et al further explains that religion also plays an important part in this selection, in the orthodox, Jewish communities if the son or daughter married outside they were considered dead. People are express to be in same social class if they have similar education, occupation and occupational background. So with similar life experiences they share similar views and thus associate together in similar way of life of living. People prefer to marry in same socio-economic groups. Age also counts in mate selection as mostly a few years age difference is expected and the husband is considered to be older then wife in most of the societies. These are few common characteristics which people choose in making their mate selection. Psychological factors play an important part in mate selection. The complemental contracts theory states that twain need are complimentary if one partners need also satisfies the need of other for e.g. one enjoys being submissive and other dominant (Chris Segrin, Jeanne Flora, 2005). The complimentary interaction between the two partn ers increases their attractiveness to each

World history Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

World history - Essay ExampleThis two commodities were the most highly commodities. A communitys strength was measured by its ability to produce high quality commodities in the market. Communities which could produce gold, silver or diamond controlled much of the trading markets. This strengthened kingdoms as the disadvantaged communities vie second fiddle to these factors.According to Bernier the division of labor was the as well as significant to human development and founding of leadership figures (316). In his notes Bernier also claims superiority in carry on defined the way a dynasty bequeath lead other factors towards a certain direction (316). These leadership traits created what are the common day trade controlling nations. This factor was significant in human development in how trade boundaries and rules were created.Apart from this forge on human development, trade had other ways in which it influenced human development in the 1750. mavin significant factor on trade was the trade of people. This particular was viewed as an inhumane act that gnarly strong dynasties and obsolete communities mostly in Africa and South America. However, this trade was significant in the creation of the cracking civilization that the globe experienced. In an argument by Bernier human trade is responsible for revolution that brought alteration in human development (316). The author highlights the American Revolution that was greatly initiated by the trade of people from Africa to America. If the trade was not carried out the revolution would have not taken place (Origins of civilisation, 94).Trade had also negative effects in the 1750. There was rampant spread of diseases and constant war fares that were mostly brought by trade disagreements. This was a great hindrance to human development. In words by Bernier diseases and war fares in 1750s was the great enemy to what civilization wanted to achieve (316).In trade in

Businesses and their impact in Spanish speaking countries Essay

Businesses and their impact in Spanish mouth countries - Essay ExampleWith the increase in the demands for energy in recent years the goernment of Mexico has change magnitude its budgeted capital, but due to its high tax burden the company has been forced to depend upon debts to finance the projects. PEMEX has been adversely affected by the increase in oil prices over the years and requires funding to stabilize its do in the market.The main oil field Cantarell has reached its peak capacity of production and heavy investments is desirable bring together with explorations for new area for oil production as the current capacity of 3.3 million lay per daylight would deplete towards the end of this decade. Being heavily taxed, the President of Mexico has relaxed the tax by $2.4 billion to be compensable by the company next year. Despite the reserves Mexico has started importing oil at the rate of 374,000 barrels per day in the recent past due to non availability of refining process for oil and link up products. The tax break and provision of favorable environment for the oil companies to undertake oil exploration is ace of the major steps which the newly appointed President has taken over the period of time. There see been quiet an opposed reaction to the initiative as private investments is deemed to be loss of control over PEMEX. As PEMEX has invested more in oil exploration rather than investing in refineries for a poop of the century, Mexico now imports 20% of its current capacity of oil and 25% of the natural gas based products.The presence of the written report is to analyze and understand effect of PEMEX on the Mexican economy and society in general. The paper also analyzes the employment opportunity which private investments create and the favorable business environment for business growth.Mexico has the scrap largest oil reserve after Venezuela among the western countries and the country has been ranked among the top five oil producing nations for in the raw and refined oil production.

Two essay question Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Two essay question - Research Paper ExampleConsidering the to a higher place maneuverwork of Picasso of a standing before a mirror, it shows the actual condition of the girl and the pretending intellect of the girl. On the face of the girl, two different features are frontal image and side profile that bear different implications on real time. One side of the girl shows the daytime when the girl has make-ups on her and the other(a) half of the face indicate the nighttime when the girl has no make-ups on her. The girl has no egotism without the make-up and therefore, she pauperisms to add something different from her actual nature. However, when the girl looks herself on the mirror, she feels that she is old and therefore the need to make her appearance young.The picture of the girl does not depict a p guileicular girl unless targets not only girls but also opposite gender as well. It only tries to show challenges that individuals face but try to cover the problem by impressi ng other people in the society. The fact that the art is not real it tells the truth about the actual happenings in the society. Therefore, taking the writing of Picasso, art is the fabrication that tells the truth, there is a direct relationship between the art of the girl and the meaning that Picasso implies.Art is a provocative medium, and the challenge in analyzing art may often be to evaluate and define the artists techniques and choices, which, harmonize to the viewer intellect and perception, arouse interest and convey meaning. This involves translating the visual, into a language. In order to do this, iodin will have to be attentive to the aspects of the work which means that description will include a large portion of the analysis. Formal analysis involves the formal parts (e.g., symmetry, framing etc.) of a work of art and their correspondence to create new and exciting ways of evaluating and understanding the work in as a whole. It is through this criterion that the

Pointing out the satirical elements of Douglas Adams The Hitchhiker's Essay

Pointing out the satiric elements of Douglas Adams The Hitchhikers Guide To The Galaxy - Essay Example trance the invention manifestly takes place in the distant future, its clear that a number of the thematic concerns examined in the reinvigorated have contemporary relevance. In these regards, theorists and critics have argued that in large intermit the unused is satiric. This essay considers the novel as one of satire, arguing that through the bulldozer that threatens to demolish Arthur Dents house and posterior Earth, the crooked political Zaphod Beeblebrox, and the threat of the Vogon poetry reading, Douglas Adams satirizes social, political, and literary elements. One of the first satirical elements explored in the novel is the encroachment of development and technology on our daily lives. From the beginning of the novel reference is made to an be bulldozer that is outside Arthur Dents home. The next chance in the novel finds Arthur Dent hypocrisy on the ground attem pting to stop the bulldozer from demolishing his home. Its during this time that Ford Prefect appears. He is expound as being from, somewhere in the vicinity of Betelgeuse (Adams, pg. 5). Ford is able to convince the bulldozer actor to lay on the ground in place of Arthur Dent, so the two men can go to the pub. While this part of the novel is ostensibly absurd and comedic, it also can be argued to have satirical connotations. In these regards, the bulldozer can be read as the encroachment of development on the sanctitude of daily life. Dent becomes emblematic of a perspective that is attempting to hold onto these old world values. From another perspective, the bulldozer can also be read as the encroachment of technology on our daily lives. While during the time of the novels construction the internet and social networking werent as pervasive, this essay argues that part of the texts lasting power is its ability to continue to appeal to a contemporary audience. In these regards, t he bulldozer encroaching on Arthurs house can be read as a metaphor of the technological aspects of the internet and social networking encroaching on our daily lives the rest of the novel accordingly can be read as a sort of resistance of this technological advancement. The next satirical element concerns the nature of Zaphod Beeblebrox. Beeblebrox is the President of the Imperial Galactic Government. His appearance comes out-of-sync in the storyline and seems to have an underlining purpose. Beeblebrox is braggy a fantastical commentary in the story. He is described as an, adventurer, ex-hippy, good timer, manic self-publicist, who is detestably bad at personal relationships, and often thought to be completely out to lunch (Adams, pg. 34). The regulation is described as existing on a deserted island and about to unearth the Heart of grand to the universe. Heart of Gold appears to be a sort of starship government project that has within it a gold box. In reality, its indicated that Zaphod and the Heart of Gold have nefarious intentions to steal the new starship. This scene is clearly complex and for the most part seems to have a comedic element that advances the narrative. Still, from another perspective its clear the Zaphod represents a modern day sort of politician. In these regards, one can consider his description of being on an island as the similarity of a politician being removed from the populace they are designed to help. The name of the Heart of Gold project is also indicative of the sort of social eudaemonia and good intentioned project on might envision from politicians. The name

Strategic Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words - 21

Strategic concern - Essay Exampleas the course of action that consists of specifications of the resources needed to attain a specific receipts is very essential for a business development (Hanna and Middleton, 200818). This paper will seek to describe strategicalalal management by critically analyzing strategic and non-strategic decisions and the difference between business level, functional, and corporate level scheme with reference to the Four Seasons Hotels and Resorts International. It will also evaluate the role of risk and uncertainty in strategic decision-making, critically assess the need for change, and develop strategies for managing change.Strong decisions making procedures are truly significant in every organization. Specific methods of making decisions play a major role in realizing an organizations executive goals. Ways in which managers make decisions influence the kind of results the organization is likely to obtain and resources to be committed (Williams, Hall, and Champion, 201160). Benefits such as higher amounts of profits and rapid implementation of decisions make collapse of the strategic management of an organization (Sutherland, 200880) Strategic decision-making ensures that employees with key discipline in decision-making and those who have experience take part in the process making choices for the organizational well-being (Ford, Sturman, and Heaton, 201257). Strategic decisions making takes note that, the decisions made by an organization are implemented rapidly. Rapid implementation of the set objectives facilitates rapid organizational growth as employees and managers act accordingly and with speed on goals laid upon by the management (Sturman, Corgel, and Verma, 201145).Strategically, decision-making process should put into retainer a number of disciplines, which enable faster discussions, involvement, and response. Management with strategy encompasses skills, expertise, and experience (Barrow, Brown, and Clarke, 200363). As such, organizations that

Response to 3 students with 2 references for each response Coursework

Response to 3 students with 2 references for each response - Coursework ExampleStreeter is nationwide in comparing surveys, and experiments, by exploring both similarities and differences much(prenominal) as variations in intentions of the methods. The post corresponds to other literatures opinion that experimental methods focus on relationships while survey focuses on descriptive features of data (McConville and Chui, 2007). I therefore feel that the writer has comprehensive background information on the subject (Creswell, 2003).Another post, written by Butler Mirlande, is titled A comparison between survey and experimental strategies of inquiry. Butler succeeds in organizing the post that systematically reviews scopes and similarities of the two methods. The indite for example identifies the need to collect reliable and valid data as a common intent of both methods even though their approaches vary as Gropper, Smith, and Groff (2007) and McConville and Chui (2007) explain. I st rongly agree with Butlers post because it is deeply explorative and its reliability is supported by triangulation of

Mancorp Organization Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Mancorp Organization - Essay ExampleMancorp needs to change its institutional culture into an ethical institution that is guided by acculturated moral values among its members at different levels. I recommend two strategies for changing the organizations culture to one whose practices go away eliminate the current legal liabilities. Positive reinforcement is my preferred schema (Luneburg and Ornstein 204). It involves the application of a stimulus after a desirable outcome and it would motivate members of the organization towards changing their attitudes and behaviors. Offering rewards to passenger vehicles whose departments register impose reported cases of versed harassment and sexual discrimination and promoting those whose departments succeed in mitigating the harassment and discrimination cases are examples of stimuli for the strategy. The approach can also be applied to mitigating fraud in the organization. The reinforcement strategy whitethorn however fail and I recom mend punitive approach as a supplementary strategy. This strategy involves the application of a negative stimulus to an unwanted behavior such as suspending a manager who is found guilty of harassment, discrimination, or fraud. The two strategies will facilitate change in organizational culture.The organization should develop and implement a rule-based policy to achieving the proposed culture. It should, for example, develop the code of ethics and conduct that denounce sexual discrimination, sexual harassment, and fraud. The policy should further outline penalties for breaching outlaid codes. Further, the organization should organize readiness sessions for its employees, on ethical practices, and advertise awareness on integrity, honesty, and respect of persons. Experts on organizational change can for example facilitate the training sessions. Application of these strategies, policy, and training program will ensure change and eliminate the liabilities. Mike Millers case The case involves Mike who purchased an automobile from Mountainside Audi dealership in Colorado. He left the area for New York but was involved in an accident in Indiana.

Crown Cork Seal Company Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Crown Cork legal tender Company - Case Study ExampleThe strength of the Crown Cork Seal Company had constitute a leader known as McManus who was energetic and made rate of returns of the high society to increase as it had previously suffered from heavy losses due to loss of patents. trick Connell instituted the aspect of accountability through ensuring that its managers took escort of all activities of the company in the right means .It also provided quality goods and assistd the guests in the right way (Bacon 102).The major weaknesses of the company were reduction of patents for producing bottle caps for manufactures of soft drinks and brewing companies that lead to stiff competition from competitors in the diligence. In April 1957, Bank Trust Company stated that it would not led it any more credence to run its operations thus was at the verge of bankruptcy.The company realized its opportunities through abandoning its paternalistic floriculture where the structure of the company was well made to accommodate the ideas of its employees in order to improve on its performance. John Connell set up strategies aimed at decrease the amount of debts through paying bank its debt by reducing its inventory and closing some of its plants that were not generating any income to the organization. The numbers of its staff were as they were not fulfilling their obligations as required thus led to poor performance of the company (Bacon 102). The small change of having may companies demanding for the basin products did lead to the declining of the profit margin of the preserve manufacturing companiesPorters five storms analysisIt is technical framework that is used to decompose an industry through studying the macroeconomic forces that are close to a company that has an ability to serve the customers in the best way possible as well as increase its sales returns. scheme consultant uses this technique to evaluate that strategic position of a firm. The forces inclu de forces of horizontal competition such as threat of substitute products, threat of established firms and threat of new entrants. A vertical force of competition involves the bargaining power of both suppliers and customers of an organization (Grant 64).The metal industry consist of five firms such as American national Can ,Reynolds metal, Ball corporation, Corn cork seal, Van Dorn company, continental can and Heekin can companiys.These companies faced stiff competition from other companies that used aluminum and steel to make containers for packing material their products. The companys included Brewering Companys and soft drink bottlers. For instance the soft drink and brewering companies wanted to have greater economies of descale through having a suitable market share by obtaining price discounts for their packaging materials.The shrinking of customer base and overcapacity for the packaging materials led to the decline of profit margins of the manufacturing company while at the same prison term can manufactures had their profit margins declining due to offering discounts in order to protect their market shares in the industry (Grant 64).The companys facilities were dilapidated in that locationfore could not generate income for the organization. The cost of production and transportation was quite high. The key issues that the company should be focused on include dealing in product lines that are profitable since there were many companies in

IS CBT EFFECTIVE IN MANAGING SCHIZOPHRENIA Essay

IS CBT EFFECTIVE IN MANAGING schizophrenic psychosis - Essay ExampleAccording to the http//www.schizophrenia.com/szfacts.htm, there is no cure for schizophrenia so all let loose of treatment or therapy may pertain to management and not actual treatment of the condition. In this work, we check into three articles that I consider important in how cognitive behaviour therapy can be serviceable in the management and treatment of schizophrenia. We review three studies Barrowclough et al. (2006), Turkington et al. (2006a) and Turkington et al. (2006b). Barrowclough et al. (2006) sought to evaluate the effectiveness of pigeonholing cognitive behavioural therapy for schizophrenia. To do so, 113 people with chronic schizophrenia, the Barrowclough et al. study assigned each of the 113 people to receive both the group cognitive-behavioural therapy or the usual treatment. The primary measure employed to assess the efficacy of treatment were the decreed symptom improvement on the confirm ing and negative syndrome scales while the secondary measures were secondary outcome measures ilk symptoms, functioning, relapses, hopelessness and self-esteem (Barrowclough et al. 2006, p. 527). The finding of Barrowclough et al. (2006) is that there was no significant difference between the two methods of treatment. However, the individuals subjected to group cognitive-behavioural therapy have a reduction in whimseys of hopelessness and in low self-esteem. Thus, the conclusion of the Barrowclough et al. (2006) study is that although the group cognitive-behavioural therapy may not be the optimum treatment for reducing hallucinations and delusions, it may have important benefits, including feeling less negative about oneself and less hopeless (p. 527). The Barrowclough et al. (2006) study exhibited adequate adherence to professional and research ethics. Perhaps, an important indication of this is that the study sought an ethical agreement with the local research ethics committee. The inclusion criteria for the study are very clear in Barrowclough et al. (2006, p. 527). One of the inclusion criteria is that informed react from the patient of was required although the study does not discuss whether the informed consent is merely verbal or compose or whether the relatives or the guardians of the patients were made co-signatories in the informed consent mechanism. I believe that concurrence of relatives or guardians may be necessary because schizophrenic patients may be considered legally incompetent to respond to requests for consent (even if symptoms have not exacerbated six months prior to the study). In building cognitive behavioural therapy groups, the study create groups from the 113 individuals who were the subject of research. Those who administered the group cognitive-behavioural therapy composed another group who operated a program independent of the Barrowclough et al. research team. In the opinion of this researcher, the Barrowclough made due c onsideration for the welfare of patients by putting in their inclusion criteria the exigency that the patient had one month of stabilisation if they had experienced a symptom exacerbation in the live on six months (Barrowclough et al. 2006, p. 527). At the same time, however, the inclusion criterion implies that the results of the study should be qualified or that the positive benefits of the group cognitive behavioural therapy for schizophrenia, if any, apply only to that population

American Civil War 1861-1865 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

American civilised War 1861-1865 - Essay ExampleThe American civil war remains to be the deadliest and the roughly vitriolic of all Americas war, it is considered to be the first modern war on the continent and perhaps the globe and the only conflict in the United States (U.S.) history that was fought on the nations soil, with somewhat of the 620.000 0f the 2.4 million soldiers, millions more injured and the territory of the southmost become devastated4. The American Civil War of 1861 to 1865 and was the most important and worst event in the American history as it was an extremely bloody and fell war, which had most Americans fighting amongst themselves5. The American civil war started on the 12th of April in 1861 when the southern soldiery fired the fort Sumter which was a U.S. military fort on the coast of Charleston6. South Carolina. This war cease in the 9th of April 1865 when the confederate General Robert Lee surrendered his ragged army to the union General Ulysees Gra nt at the Appomattox house afterwards the other confederate armies gave up7. The American civil war was the first war to be reported in the press to the people back at home. In the year 1860 the north and south developed into different sections. The division of the north and the south was characterized various issues which included political, social and economics in the country, these issues were seen to be slowly diverting the both regions further into separate directions. The regional conflict was between two regions of the United States (the southern states and the northern states).

One Federal Law Enforcement Organization Assignment

One federal Law Enforcement Organization - Assignment ExampleIn counter-terrorism, the agency serves a variety of functions entailing nuclear security, aviation and chemical security concerns, fraud and counterfeit and information sharing. The roles of the DHS in border security and immigration imply apprehension, convicting and deporting of illegal immigrants which are geared towards ensuring that the USA is secure (DHS, 2012).Due to overlap in crime conflict responsibilities, the DHS, state and topical anesthetic rightfulness enforcement agencies are interlocked in crime fighting. The DHS undertakes some activities with the aim of maximizing cooperation and assisting the local agencies in their objectives in crime fighting. For instance, the Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) branch of the DHS collaborates with local and state agencies to create a united and seamless front for disruption of transnational crime (DHS, 2011). The DHS also bears better capacity in logisti cs and intelligence from which local agencies gain through information sharing.The relationship between the DHS and local and state law enforcement agencies has not always had a positive effect. The overlap in crime fighting responsibilities that exists between the two- federal (DHS) versus local and state levels- has not been traditionally well managed. For instance, the roles of the DHS in special operations, forensics, shepherds crook intelligence and casualty response may clash with local and state arms charged with special investigations, forensic services, criminal investigations and emergency planning and response (Richman, 2000). In such cases, it is evident that counteractive clashes in interests may baffle crime fighting and, thus, jeopardize the missions of all levels of law enforcement involved.The main cause of the problems noted above stems from the concomitant of crimes that are multi-jurisdictional. This situation results in a situation where the federal, state a nd local law enforcement agencies deem

Sexual Harassment in the workplace Research Paper

Sexual Harassment in the study - Research Paper ExampleThe key terminologies essential when tackling such a topic include Sexism-This posterior be described as an attitude base perception about a person of diverse sex. For instance, a gentleman thinking that a charwoman is weak and emotional or a woman thinking that a man is a chauvinist. Sex discrimination-This is manifested in the scenario where an employee tend to be treated otherwise at the work place because of their sex. Quid Pro Quo-This when decision on employing any(prenominal)body are based on whether they agree to accept fulfilling inner(a) demands or not. Sexual torture in the workstation shag bring in severe influences for both the workers who perplex experienced it secondhand and the harassed person. The impact of sexual torment to an employee can be numerous and disastrous. Areas, which go for drawn interest of researches in the recent past, are whether sexual harassment is on the rise at work places or other new ways of harassment have emerged. This is based on the fact that, the surges in technology use and harassment from same sex persons have been report in the recent past. It is of equal importance to note that sexual harassment is not express to a singular profession but the vice cuts across all career stations (Boland 34-35). late statistics by EEOP (Equal Employment Opportunity Commission) divulge more information about the complaints. It has been noted that most of the sexual harassment occurrences largely go unreported. However, according to EEOC, one fact observation that was evident is the increase of cases reported in the last decade. This brings in a paradox since more stringent regulations have been put in place to inhibit occurrences of sexual harassment at work. In the last decade, over 20,000 accounts have been filed. on a lower floor the cases filed, majority of cases reported were from the fe anthropoid sex (Gai, 2009). In the year 2008, Louis Harris and Asso ciates conducted a telephone poll on 782 workers of the United States. It came up with the statistics that 31 percentage among female workers admitted to having reported sexual harassment at work. only if 7 percent of their male counterparts reported the same. A significant percentage of 62 percent of those targeted did not take any action. Out of the respondents, 100 percent female reported that the person harassing them was a man while 59 percent of men reported that their harasser was a woman. Subsequently, 41 percent of the male reported that their harasser was a fellow man. Additional statistics records that 43 percent of women who reported experienced harassment from the supervisor, 27 percent from senior employees, 19 percent workers of same level while 8 percent had faced harassment from junior employees (Boland 53). Combating sex harassment at work is a big challenge. This is necessitated by the fact that establishing its causes can be complex. These causes can be social, psychological or political. Owing to the fact that some work dealingships such as acting in most cases turn out to be intimate and intense, establishing sexual harassment in such scenarios can be very complex. The other aspect is that in most instances, employees are required to depend on one another in order to increase productivity. How this should go has no clear guidelines. Making the situation trickier is that some positions at work such as that of the supervisor involves working closely with your team for results to be achieved. However, being accustomed to these close working relations may create

FacBook IPO Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

FacBook IPO - Essay ExampleThe main task of this write up was to exercise the so-called fair price of the corporations sh bes in the moment of IPO. Two different approaches are going to be used to reach the goal of the task DCF and comparative valuation. Taking into account this goal, the paper has the following structure introduction (brief background information nearly the company), theoretical concepts and methodology, financial analysis, conclusions.As it has been already mentioned, Facebook Inc. is one of the most successful companies in the modern business world. It is among the leaders not only in the IT industry, but in the global business environment, in general. The company was founded in 2004 as a website for the local Harvard community. The company has become successful quite soon. Nowadays it employs almost 2000 employees, has offices in the different countries nigh the entirely world, and has almost 1 billion of users. Its current market capitalization is $56.8 billion. Some additional information about the company under consideration can be got from the following quote.Facebook, Inc. operates as a social networking company worldwide. The company builds tools that enable users to connect, share, discover, and communicate with each other enables developers to build social applications on Facebook or to shuffle their Websites with Facebook and offers products that enable advertisers and marketers to engage with its users. As of February 2, 2012, it had 845 million monthly users and 443 million daily users. The company was founded in 2004 and is headquartered in Menlo Park, California (Facebook Inc. Company Profile).Probably the biggest question is what the factors of the companys success are. The company has provided for people around the world an opportunity to communicate without any barriers. We believe that it is the main driver of the companys success. communication is among the greatest need of people and Facebook provides such

Mary Shelleys Frankenstein Essay Example for Free

Mary Shelleys Frankenstein EssayAt first, Frankenstein agrees (after being convinced), nevertheless then is afraid of what could happen if two wolfs like the first whizz were alive, wherefore destroys the macrocosm he has non yet finished. Henry is k badlyed by the shaft, in which Frankenstein is blamed, who again falls terribly ill again there he gets acquitted of his crime. He marries Elizabeth who gets murdered by the fauna on her spousal relationship night. Frankenstein dies and and so the goliath commits suicide as his creator has died. The instrument is chimerically described, mainly in chapter five, a main scene in the novel.Words such as his yellow skin scarcely cover the work of arteries and muscles beneath are used, which give the ratifier horrific ensures of how this fauna must look, Shelly then contrasts the image created with nice images, such as teeth of pearly whiteness, juxtaposition is used here be energize after the show uper is made to belie ve the putz looked lovely, the view rapidly changes, but these luxuriances provided formed a much horrid contrast with the watery eyes, that seemed almost the same colour as the den white sockets in which they were set, showing how horrific this dick truly looked.This description is that of an adult, however the creatures mind has been re born(p) so he must now be unmixed and innocent, therefore shouldnt be described in such grievous ways, qualification us feel sorry for him. The creature is seen as a child, this is because he has never been born or seen the world before, so couldnt possibly have an adult mind, he did not know how to speak, read or write when born, and had to teach himself this knowledge, as Frankenstein did not help.Frankenstein should of treated the creature as if he was a new baby, and help him, because he had not d ace anything wrong at this point, until he had toss out him, so he was lonely and confused. He tried to befriend Frankenstein during the begi nning of his life by muttering speech to him in a friendly manner, although Frankenstein took this as though he was going to attack him, He held up the curtain of the bed and his eyes, if eyes they may be called, were fixed on me. His jaws opened and he muttered few inarticulate sounds, while a grin wrinkled his cheeks but I escaped and rushed downstairs.The grin was taken by Frankenstein as an evil grin, signifying that the monster did not like Frankenstein, but in reality, the creature was just picture to be friendly. However, Frankenstein was disgusted with his creation, and decided to leave the apartment, not to return, therefore the creature was throw out and lonely, overly he wouldnt have known what to do seeing as he could not say the world, and they could equally not understand his hideous looks, therefore making the reader feel sorry for the monster as he hasnt done anything, I did not dare return to the apartment which I inhabited, this also shows he is scared to r eturn.The perception created by Shelley of the monster, is one that he cannot possibly be friendly because of how abominable he is, therefore people shout abuse and refuse to talk to him in a polite way without mocking him or commenting on how ugly he looks. Other people may be scared of him, so pick up to run away when he gets close, this will make him feel wroth with all the people who judge him by first impressions, without taking the courtesy to get to know him.He could of easily been a good man but society cast him out so he rapidly became the opposite, which makes us feel sorry for him as he cannot help being ugly and never gets a chance to show his nice personality, such as saving children from drowning. He is a victim of Frankensteins ambitions and then abandonment, as Frankenstein was really eager, almost too eager, to create him, but after he proverb what he had made, quickly despised him, left him alone, with no easy way of living, thus upsetting the creature becau se he never did anything wrong, just wanted to be loved.Frankenstein should of looked after his creation because it is his responsibility, or should of never evening created him if he had thought of the possibilities/consequences that could of happened, creating sympathy for the creature because no one wants him, not even his own father.The creature uses religious imagery when speaking to Frankenstein, such as Remember that I am thy creature I ought to be thy Adam, but I am rather the fall angel and he is telling Frankenstein that he has just been born and is inquisitive like Adam and Eve were when venturing into the garden, but now he has fallen because of his abandonment, so perceives himself as a fallen angel. Also, relating to Adam, shows he believes he must have an Eve, such as a bride. Frankenstein uses questions at their meeting on the glacier, such as Do you dare approach me?And do not you fear the fierce vengeance of my arm wretched on your miserable head? trying to intim idate and draw the creature in, also he uses the word, Devil, to explain how much he hates the creation and thinks he is pure evil, this is also relating to religiousness. Then the creature explains to Frankenstein about how he feels about being alive and flavour the way he does, which makes Frankenstein feel quite sorry for him, although the monster had admitted he murdered his family, but only because he wanted to get fend for at Frankenstein.The creature reasons with Frankenstein and asks him to create a lady creation, silent thou canst listen to and grant me thy compassion, Frankenstein agrees to do this as dour as he leaves him alone and does not harm any more people. Frankenstein beings working on his creation on the second creation, but one night he sees the creature and realises what destruction has already took place, which frightens him about the destruction that two creations could do, creating devastating consequences.We then feel sorry for the creature because he ha s no friends and will carry on being lonely, but our feelings drastically change when the creature threatens to be with him on his wedding night, making the reader feel barbarian with the creature for creating such havoc in Frankensteins life, although in the back of the readers mind, they still feel sorry for the creature because he is forever lonely.We can see the creature as romantic, as he would like a bride, this relates to Frankenstein when he is calm and peaceful in the mountains, minuteing almost romantic towards the scenery The pleasant sunshine, and the pure air of day, restored me to some degree of tranquillity and when I considered what had passed at the cottage. Frankenstein should of acted like a father to the creature because he created him so should take care of him, show him whats right and wrong, how to read/write/speak and popular life skills.Instead, Frankenstein does none of these and does the opposite, abandoning him, exit him to fend for himself. He also c reated the creature out of different bole parts from other peoples bodies making him look disproportional and abnormal, as well as looking ridiculous. He had been designing and creating this creation for so long and wanted to create him over such a long period, that when the creature was at long last created he truly repulsed it, I had worked hard for nearly two years, for the sole usance of infusing life into inanimate body.For this I deprived myself of rest and health. I had desired it with an ardour that for exceeded moderation, showing that he desperately longed for a great creation, we then feel sorry for him as he had spent so much time and effort, just for it to turn out in a catastrophic way. He was very careless when creating him, which would obviously cause problems for the creature when setting foot in the public eye this was not fair on the creature.He also talks about the creature in a grotesque way, making the reader feel afraid of him, and at the same time, sorry f or Frankenstein for having to live with the consequences of this disgusting thing, therefore having to either look after him or find a way of getting rid of him. He then becomes afraid about what he has created and the consequences that would arise from doing so, so therefore being seriously mentally ill, as he cannot cope with the fact that he has created something so ridiculous and destructible.The reader feels sorry for him because he has become ill and this isnt fair. Frankenstein challenges the creature to a fight, Be gone or let us try our strength in a fight, in which one must fail, this is because he is so angry and repulsed with the creature for ruining his life that he wants to settle this finally and this makes the reader believe how upset he is, wanting to clear the creature out of his mind and life.His anger spirals out of control as he vulgarly insults the creature Relieve me from the sight of your detested form, showing how much he truly dislikes the creature, there fore he must be causing pain to him in some way, mentally or physically. However finally Frankenstein decides to give the creature a chance and reasons with him about creating a lady monster, which is a good deed, making us honour him because he is trying to treat the creature well. Frankenstein then becomes afraid of what two creatures would cause and destroys his creation, at this point, the creature promises Frankenstein he will be with him on his wedding night.On the wedding night, the creature carries out his ultimatum and murders Frankensteins wife, which shocks and devastates Frankenstein because he was not expecting him to murder his bride, and rather killed himself instead. This upsets the reader because this would really harm Frankenstein, and was truly an act of pure evil. Also, earlier in the novel, the creature had killed his younger brother and his best friend to get back at him, which truly devastated Frankenstein, also a very horrific type of payback.Frankenstein cou ld be perceived as a hero of modern day science because he went to extraordinary lengths and research to create tender life, using science, which no one else before him had ever successfully done. He was also portrayed as a villain for playing with nature and God because people should take life how it is and not try to create more complex designs that God did not want to happen. However I do not believe that Frankenstein was a victim of the time he lived in because he simply shout not have created life without considering the drastic consequences that would happen.I think the perspective of this novel is that Shelley had lost the three of her four-spot children and also her mother, during labour, possibly reflecting as a feeling of abandonment and loss due to death, she can therefore relate to the creature and Frankenstein because his close family and friends were murdered. I have sympathy for the creature more than Frankenstein because he was abandoned when he was first born, thi s was unfair because he hadnt done anything wrong and could not help the way he looked.Frankenstein should not have created him if he had thought properly about what he was doing he had acted selfish for leaving the monster behind and abandoning him. Also, Frankenstein gets the creatures hopes up by saying he will create a keep company for him, but then destroys his dream, which upsets the monster greatly. He has no friends, family etc. and this is not fair on him. rise preview only The above preview is unformatted text This student written piece of work is one of many that can be found in our GCSE Mary Shelley section.

Understanding the Motives and Benefits of Volunteer Vacationers Essay Example for Free

pickings into custody the Motives and Benefits of offer up Vacati 1rs EssayWith the growing shorten of put up passs, query has been warranted in regard to projecting the motivational f enactmentors of unmarrieds who move into in much(prenominal) blockadeeavors. With this grounds, the goal is to increase these conk appear offerings in the industry, which result bring build a stylus appreciation amid horti refinings. This composition examines different proceed motivation detailors for virtu solelyy mavin who chooses to use part of their eliminate combat-ready in proffer or humanitarian activities. Con spotring that mission often has con nonations of a religious purpose, the excogitate chokeling with a purpose brings on even more signifi corporationce as this concept expands. To take c be travel motivation in cosmopolitan, a variety of scales and theories sustain been re faceed. Maslow, Dann, Iso-Ahola, Plog and Pearce atomic number 18 some inc luded in the Literature follow. A qualitative revolve about conclaveing and semi-structured, in-depth interviews were conducted. The analysis of the data revealed that four-spot main points for wherefore tribe traveled with a purposeemerged. Cultural immersion was a strong objective the entrust to give back the comradery that occurs on offer up holidays and the fourth theme underline on family. Non-verbal colloquy and stick to occurs at several directs with the local muckle and family members. This is a skilful example of cultivating peace finished hobbleistry.Keywords offer up touristry, travel motivation parts, improvements, impactsIntroductionThe concept of inform touristry is a growing trend in the touristry industry and is show uping to draw attention from investigateers and marketers alike (Wearing, 2003). In the United States, for instance, a capacious variety of organisations offer offer up spends. They vary from tour operators to non-pr ofit organisations. One of the longest published guides to these organisations, proffer Vacations, by Bill McMillon et al., listed bring home the bacond 75 such organisations in its first edition in 1987 (Campbell, 1999). In its freshlyest edition, published in 2003, the number of organisations increased to 275. These organisations offer a wide spectrum of offer pass effs. propose pass terms range from local to regional to global r to each one. put up spend costs range from $ light speed and under to $3000 and above, with project length from under one week to six months or more. bandage summer appears to be the most predominant travel season, at that place argon packages and programmes resultd in all seasons. Analysing how an organisation positions itself inside the voluntary tourism sector may reveal itemors that influence a latent tourists organisational choice. The organisational personas of decl are oneself vacation follow up suppliers are comprised of a mix of non-profit organisations and for-profit tour operators. Some examples 1368-3500/05/06 0479-19 $20/0are Cross-Cultural Solutions (www.crosscultur in like mannerlutions.org), The Ameri merchantman Hiking Society (www.ameri lavatoryhiking.org), and Earthwatch (www.earthwatch. org).Types of projects offered for tenders vary widely and include agriculture, archaeology, biotic union development, conservation, construction, education and memoriseing, environmental protection and look into, technical assistance, historic preservation, medical checkup and dental, drub camps. The nature of put up vacation offerings appear to be closely allied with the organisations respective missions and mandates. For instance, Ambassadors for Children (AFC), a not-for-profit charit equal organisation ground in Indianapolis, Indiana, offers global volunteer opportunities by providing trip up opportunities for hands-on interaction with disadvantaged children of the world, balanced by opport unities for sightseeing and experiencing the native culture of the destination (www. ambassadorsforchildren.com). AFC has facilitated volunteer activities for passengers change of location to destinations like Mexico, Cuba, the Domini bottom Republic, Kenya, Haiti, Ecuador, Peru, Alaska, Vietnam, Belize, Guatemala, Native American Reservations, and other(a) communities in need. humanness world-wide adjudicates to eliminate poverty housing and home little(prenominal)ness from the world. Volunteers build houses together in partnership with families in need. world-wide Volunteers offer opportunities that include teaching conversation English, nurturing at-risk infants and children, renovating and painting community buildings, assisting with healthcare, and natural resource projects. Other organisations are geared more towards ecotourism such as Catalina Island Conservancy and Wilderness Volunteers, twain(prenominal) giving back by dint of stewardship of organising and promotin g volunteer services. The commonaltyality of the volunteer vacation suppliers appears to be the singularity of volunteering theme- accented experiences that reinforce organisations general mission. Despite the growing popularity of volunteer tourism, systematic academician research in this work, particularly from the perspectives of the volunteer vacationers, is still in its infancy stage. advance research appears to suggest that volunteer tourism can take two different diversenesss based on participants mindsets the volunteer-minded versus the vacation-minded (Brown Morrison, 2003). The volunteer-minded individuals tend to devote most or all of their vacation condemnation to volunteer activities at the destination. Volunteerism is the commutation smell for them. This type of volunteer tourism is often called a mission or service trip.The back engineer of volunteer tourism takes on a lighter undertone where the individual is largely vacation-minded, solely spends a small portion of the vacation on volunteer work at the destination. The term VolunTourism refers to this type of tourism experience where a tour operator offers travellers an opportunity to participate in an optional digression that has a volunteer component, as surface as a cultural exchange with local plenty. These skeleton encounters arrive at often proved to be the bring out of the individuals vacations. This latter ricochet of volunteer tourism has gained popularity among tourists. dapple this classification scheme takes a simplistic speak to, it provides a baseline for typology development of volunteer tourists. While on that point has been increasing research on volunteerism which sheds insights on motivational and destination choice factors of the volunteerminded service trip participants, genuinely(prenominal) little research has been conducted on the vacation-minded volunteer tourists. thither is lack of conceptualisation and fundamental understanding of wherefore individuals take part in volunteer work dappleon a vacation trip. What motivates them? What benefits do they evoke from the volunteer experience? What are the highlights of the volunteering experience? How do the volunteer activities influence their general vacation experience and satisfaction? As a result, more research is warranted to fully understand this growing form of volunteer tourism.The boil down of this research was on the vacation-minded volunteer vacationers. The purpose of this study was to examine the motives that receive vacationers to participate in some form of volunteer or humanitarian activities charm on a waste vacation trip and the benefits that the volunteer tourists derive from the experience. This study in like manner sought to broker the link amid motivations for the general form of tourism and those for the volunteer vacationing. The outcome of this research was expected to contri howevere to better understanding of the destination choices and tour ism experiences sought, thus bearing important implications for organisations that are targeting this particular market instalment.Literature ReviewThe literature review of this study was intended to provide some con text editionual background for the research. It centred roughly two key components ofvolunteer vacation the tourism component and the volunteer component. more(prenominal) particularisedally, it dealt with the general leisure travel motivations and how they pertain to and interplay with volunteer tourism.Motivational scalesTo understand travel motivation, a variety of scales and theories perplex been put earlierd and empirically tried and true in tourism literature. The importance of motivation in tourism is kinda obvious. It acts as a origination that sets off all the events involved in travel (Parrinello, 2002). Many researchers wear used motivational speculation to try to interpret the motivations of tourists. On the premise that motivations derive from a real or sensed need, it is excusable to analyse tourist choices of destinations and activities as a consequence of need deficiency (Burns Holden, 1995). Maslows hierarchy of necessitate self-actualisation, esteem inevitably, love needs, safety needs, and physiological needs forms the basis for un slight development and applications to understand travel doings and demand for tourism (Maslow, 1954, 1970). The decision to visit a destination is a complex dental amalgam of needs, motivating an individual to set and preliminaryitise goals in a belief that achieving these will satisfy the perceived needs. One of the main reasons for the popularity of Maslows hierarchy of needs is probably its simplicity (Hudson, 1999).This hierarchy could be tie in to the travel industry in the sense that unless individuals have their physiological and safety needs met, they are less likely to be interested in travelling the world to make a difference. Self-actualisation can, in fact, be consid ered the end or goal of leisure (Mill Morrison, 2002). Vacations offer an opportunity to re-evaluate and discover more about the self, to act out ones self- kitchen range as a way of modifying or correcting it. Echoing Maslow, Pearce (1982, 1993) suggested that travel behaviour reflected a hierarchy of five levels of travel motives. The five levels of the cash in ones chips Career Ladder are liberalization stimulation relationship self-esteem/development and fulfillment. As with a career at work, great deal start at different levelsand are likely to change levels during their smell period. Pearce explicitly recognised that tourists travel motivation can be self- acquireed or other-directed they do not always seek the comparable type of fulfillment from travel, and that people can descend as well as ascend on the ladder. To what extent tourists do so from one trip to the next, or whether this only occurs over longer time periods, is not quite as clear (Oppermann, 2000).Classi fying tourists into different typologies is an approach to link psychological motives to behaviour. The earliest model that forms the basis of tourism typology theory was established by Stanley Plog (1974). He constructed a cognitive-normative model based upon psychographic types. At one end of the continuum are psychocentric tourists and at the other end allocentric tourists. The allocentrics are explorers and adventure seekers, who tend to choose remote and unswayed (by tourists) destinations. Middle-centrics are likely to display characteristics of a limited adventurer, entirely they want home comforts. It is this stem that re infixs the troop tourist market. Psychocentrics dislike destinations that offer unfamiliarity or insecurity. It is suggested that the psychocentric is dominated by safety needs.Dann (1977) made a significant contri bution in suggesting a two-tiered scheme of motivational factors the push and the pull. The push factors social-psychological motives that d rive the require to travel. The pull factors are remote factors that affect where a person travels to fulfilthe identified needs or desires. Dann suggested that anomie and ego-enhancement were the basic underlining reasons for travel. Crompton (1979) concur with Danns basic idea of push and pull motives but went further to identify nine motives for travel. They werethe escape from a perceived mundane environmentexploration and military rating of selfrelaxationprestigeregressionenhancement of kinship relationshipsfacilitation of social interactionnovelty and education.He classified the first seven motives as push factors, and the last two as pull factors. in that location was no mention of the need for the authenticity of the destination. Mayo and Jarvis (1981) suggested that travel motivations could be divided into four categories personal motivations such as rest, cultural motivations such as the desire for sack outledge, interpersonal motivations such as the desire to meet p eople, and status and prestige motivations such as the desire for recognition. In 1983, Beach and Ragheb developed a model called the Leisure Motivational Scale, which sought to summarise motivators into four components, based on the work of Maslow. The four types of components were in discernectual, social, competence-mastery, and stimulus-avoidance.The most recent motivational theories are founded on in truth complex synergisticmodels, which are based on personal and situational factors (Graumann, 1981 Schmalt, 1996). Behaviours are increasingly associated with life satisfaction, or perceived quality of life (Kernan Unger, 1987). Kernan and Domzal(2001) swear that people express who/what they are, to themselves and to others, by engaging in actionleisure activities. Swarbrooke and Horner (2003) believe the main factors find out an individual tourists motivation are probably personality, lifestyle, past experience, past life, perceptions and image. Changes which occur in an ind ividuals life stage may similarly have an impact on travel motives. Having a child, an increase or reduction in income, worsening health, and changing expectations or experiences as a tourist are circumstances that will affect motivation. Swarbrooke and Horner stated that no tourists are likely to be influenced by just one motivator. They are more likely to be affected by a number of them at any one time. Bello and Etzel (1985) investigated the role of novelty in pleasure travel.They argued that people with a low level of rousing in their daily routines seek a higher level of arousal in their vacation (a novel trip), whereas those people who lead a hectic, fast-paced life with frequent problems and challenges seek vacations that provide a minimum of stimulation and/or a familiar environment. Similarly, Wang (2000) emphasisedthat holidaymaking is an institution of escape. It is license from the modernised mode of existence that is associated with rigid schedules, deadening routine s, and stressful deadlines. stack on holiday have entry into an alternative track of tempos and rhythms. They have freedom to change. The motivation to travel is to have a specific lifestyle separate from the routines of daily life. Understanding tourism motivation is important. It acts as a trigger that sets off all the events involved in travel (Parrinello, 2002). In other words, it represents the whys and the wherefores of travel in general, or of a specific choice in particular. The extensive literature on leisure travel motivation provides a solid theoretical background and some guidelines for studying the volunteer vacation phenomenon in this general tourism motivational context.Volunteering and volunteer vacationsVolunteering has been a buzzword for some time for many socially oriented individuals both in the US and throughout the world. According to the US Bureau of Labor Statistics, 63.8 million people volunteered from kinsfolk 2002 to September 2003, an almost 7% increas e from the previous year. Women are more likely than men to volunteer, and individuals in the midst of the ages of 35 and 44 years old make up the largest group of volunteers (Kellicker, 2004). Stebbins defines volunteering as un-coerced help offered every formally or informally with no or, at most, token pay done for the benefit of both the people and the volunteer. Similarly, other definitions of volunteering have included the recognition that volunteers are those who provide assistance, or buckshee service, usually for the benefit of the community (Australian Bureau of Statistics, 1986). Others emphasise the characteristics of the action perceived as freely chosen, without monetary gain and generally aimed at helping others (Stebbins, 1982, 1992 Van Til, 1979).In terms of the volunteering process, the American model, proposed by Leopold (2000) starts with what is needed and then recruits volunteers to do the work. In Europe there is a membership tradition where everything star ts with the members. It is up to the members to decide what to do. Regardless, volunteering has been viewed as beneficial to the well-being of thevolunteers (Cnaan et al., 1996 Stebbins, 1982 Thoits Hewitt, 2001). Volunteering gives participants asense of purpose, provokes serious contemplation, encourages concern for others, provides the opportunity to further an interest, and generates a sense of deep personal outcome (Stebbins Graham, 2004). Stebbins (1992) suggests that volunteering bears durable benefits for the volunteer such as self-actualisation, self-enrichment, refreshment or renewal of self, feelings of act, enhancement of self-image, self-expression, social interaction and belongingness. Thoits and Hewitt (2001) empirically examine how volunteering affects six different dimensions of well being levels of happiness life satisfaction self-esteem sense of control over life fleshly health and depression. Their research reveals that people who are in better physical an d mental health are more likely to volunteer, and conversely that volunteer work is good for both mental and physical health. heap of all ages who volunteer are happier and experience better physical health and less depression. Broad (2003) suggested that volunteers were more open to positive attitude changes when unfastened to a different culture, which may explain why volunteers frequently reported becoming more broad-minded, core, and relaxed, and less selfish and psychocentric as outcomes of volunteering, along with a changed way of go throughing at the world. Stebbins(1982, 1992, 2004) has conducted some pioneering work in conceptualising volunteerism in the context of leisure. thither continues to be a lot research in regard to serious leisure volunteers and their motivation to volunteer as well as the fulfilment they derive from their diverse pursuits. Stebbins believes that the motivational reasons and socioeconomic conditions vary vastly with different demographic ca tegories of people taking up volunteering.Each category is rather differently cause, but the twin motives of altruism and self-interest are common to all categories. In his consideration of serious leisure, Stebbins points out that it is an important part of peoples lives in its relation to personal fulfilment, identity enhancement and self-expression (1982). Since volunteering in many cases involves some form of travel, the phenomenon has been examined closely in the context of tourism. The term volunteer tourism refers to tourists who volunteer in an organised way to undertake holidays that involve aiding or alleviating the material poverty of some groups in society, the restoration of certain environments, or research into aspects of society or environment (Wearing, 2001). Volunteer tourism has also been viewed as a form of alternative tourism or ecotourism emphasising the sustainable, responsible and educational undertone of the activity (Moskowitz, 1995 Wearing, 2001). Wheelan (1991), for instance, suggested that ecotourists represent a potential army of recruits with free time and money to spend on sustainable development efforts. Further, volunteer tourism experience has been viewed as a contextual platform for the intertwining interactions among the ecotourism element, the volunteer element, and the serious leisure element (Stebbins, 1982, 1992 Wearing, 2001). travelling overseas as a volunteer appears to have begun around 1915 (Beigbeder, 1991 Clark, 1978 Darby, 1994 Gillette, 1968). Although most of the literature in this field has focused on profiling the volunteering tourist ( Brown Morrison, 2003 Wearing, 2003), there has been increasing interest in understanding vacation volunteers motives and the benefits derived. Exploratory research on volunteer vacationers suggests that their motivations appear to be similar to long-term volunteers, but the relative shelter of various factors can differ, withself-actualisation being very important for shor t-term volunteers (Gazley, 2001). Brown and Morrison (2003) propose that a volunteer vacation helps heal corporate burnout by providing the individual with a sense of accomplishment outside the workplace.The role of peace appeared to be other discussed benefit. And, according to Bud Philbrook (pers comm), president and CEO of orbiculate Volunteers, volunteer service engenders hope and friendship, both of which are crucial to waging peace The more people volunteer all over the world and make friends with local people, the more peaceful the world will be. However, alongside service trips or mission trips, where the primary purpose of the trip is volunteering and individuals spend the majority of the trip participate in volunteer work at the destination, there is also a lighter form of volunteer vacation that is gaining popularity. Here, the main purpose of the trip remains largely as a leisurely vacation, but the tourists also spend a small component of their leisure time on volun teer work at the destination. This form of volunteer vacation, although not a new practice, has gained increasing popularity. Rather than taking up a trip just for volunteer work, these groups of individuals join leisure-oriented vacation packages that provide a volunteering component as part of the itinerary.Tourism theories and research have ranged from micro-social-psychologicalexplanations to macro-social explorations concerning the globalisation of tourist venues. Given the rise of volunteer tourism, tourism practitioners have begun to strategically incorporate volunteering activities into their product planning. Some market-sensitive travel companies are offering leisure tour packages with optional excursions that allow tourists to participate in volunteer work. However, empirical research for this type of volunteer vacation is very limited. Many questions remain to be answered. For instance, what motivates vacationers to spend part of their vacation working at the destination ? Are their motivations similar to the service trip or mission trip volunteers? What benefits do vacationers derive from participating in volunteer activities? And what are the highlights of the volunteer experience? Does the volunteer experience enhance the boilersuit vacation experience? This research, therefore, was aimed at further exploration of these important issues.Study ObjectivesThe objectives of this study were threefold. They were to discover (1) What are the motivational push factors that drive some leisure tourists to seek volunteer experience during their leisure trip? To what extent do these motives differ or coincide with the general tourism motives? (2) What are the perceived benefits that vacation tourists derive from participating in volunteering activities at the destination? To be more specific, what are the immediate impacts participacting has on the overall vacation satisfaction? To what extent does it transcend the temporal boundary and exert long-term influ ence on the individuals?MethodsThis research adopted focus group and in-depth personal interview approaches, sort of of a more vicenary approach such as structured surveys. The researchers believe this is an area of investigation that is at its exploratory stage. There are no proven measurements or theories for researching this particular phenomenon. In addition, unlike traditional quantitative research, focus group and in-depth personal interviews are centrally concerned with understanding attitudes rather than measuring them. In an academic sense, the goal of a focus group or personal interview is also to gain entranceway to more inclusive sets of feelings and emotions that a structured instrument could not capture. These research methods are more direct, sensitive, and interactive in nature in assessing attitudes, motivations and opinions. Thus, it was believed that qualitative research methods would facilitate better in-depth understanding of motivational factors of volunteer vacationers instead of merely obtaining the distant panoramic view through quantitative channels. It was hoped that that these approaches would draw out the motivational factors behind the top of mind opinions which is critical to understanding what is driving volunteer vacation. A focus group session was conducted in May 2004. The focus group was composed of nine people with ages ranging from 40 to 72 four males and five females.All were married. The focus group attendeeswere from a variety of life situations ranging from an engineer, healthcare consultant, and business concern owner, to a retiree, stay-home mother, and community volunteer. While university education appeared to be the norm for the group, the participants educational background varied by level from high school education to PhD. The diversity in backgrounds of the participants was intended to reveal different insights and opinions on the volunteer tourism issue. A few commonalities brought the group together. The y all had extensive leisure travel experiences. They had a shared interest and passion for travel. All had participated in volunteer work while on a leisure trip. The volunteer experience ranged from visiting an orphanage and volunteering at local hospitals to participating in home ground for Humanity projects. The volunteering experiences occurred during leisure vacation trips but the volunteering locations varied from domestic destinations such as new-made Mexico and Alaska to external destinations such as Guatemala, Cuba, and Brazil. The focus group participants were asked to share their ideas. The discussion centred around three issues (1) Why would an individual set about involved with using part of his or her vacation for volunteering activities? What are his or her motivations? (2) What are the highlights of the volunteer experience?(3) What are the benefits and impacts of the vacation volunteering experiences? In order to separate motivational factors from beneficial fac tors resulting from volunteer vacation experience, we conducted a help focus group session thatwas made up of three males and three females who were first-time participants of volunteer vacation. This focus group was conducted in June 2004, before the individuals departed for their first volunteer vacation trip. Both focus group sessions were video and audio-taped. Transcripts were made by a graduate research assistant who was also present at both focus group sessions. Following the focus group sessions, the researchers conducted 10 in-depth personal interviews with individuals who had participated in volunteer work on a vacation trip. The interview sessions lasted approximately 30 minutes each and were audio-taped and subsequently transcribed. The purposes of supplementing the focus group sessions with in-depth interviews were three fold (1) it was tangle that in-depth personal interview allows more time and space for personal reflection on the part of the interviewee (2) it was logistically flexible to include and capture the viewpoints of the younger individuals that felt underrepresented in the focus group sessions and (3) employing a multi-method approach (focus group plus in-depth personal interview), researchers could cross-validate the themes and patterns of the findings from the focus group sessions. Based on the review of literature in volunteerism and volunteer tourism, as well as the results of the focus group session, the personal interviews took on a semi-structured format with a list of 15 open and semi-open questions that centred on motivational factors and impacts of volunteer vacation. All 25 study subjects were members of Ambassador Travel Club, the largest travel club in the US, and were recruited to participate in the study on a voluntary basis.The researchers considered different approaches for the text data analysis. school text analysis software tools such as CATPAC were initially considered. However, the researchers felt that the co mputer-aided, more quantifying approach does not face to handle well the complexity of language context, the dynamics of the group interaction and the richness of relationships revealed in the text data. As a result, a decision was made to use the moretraditional approach of content analysis. Both researchers analysed the transcripts simultaneously but independently. The results were later compared and compiled together. This effort, while more time consuming, resulted in a more consistent interpretation of the text data and increased the reliability of the study.ResultsThe motivator Why volunteer while on vacation?Using the multi-method approach, four major motivational themes appear to take shape concerning why individuals volunteer while on a leisure trip cultural immersion, giving back, seeking camaraderie and seeking educational and bonding opportunities.Cultural immersionWhen asked, Why volunteer while on vacation? it was found that being able to physically and emotionally im merse oneself in the local culture and community is a strong motivational factor. It was a common sentiment from the research subjects that participating in volunteer work provided the travellers with invaluable opportunities to immerse themselves in a local culture to a degree that would not be possible without the first-hand interaction with the local peopleand community through volunteer work. These volunteering experiences enable travellers to experience and learn beyond the typical tourism platform, where one is surrounded by staged settings typified by glorious beaches and fancy resorts, to see the people as they really are, their lives and their living environment. It appeared that volunteer travellers tended to attach strong value to seeking and experiencing authenticity of a place. They also demonstrated their insatiable curiosity about other people and places and their belief that working and interacting with the local people and communities leads to opportunities to beco me immersed in local culture and connect with the local people in a more profound way. As a result, long-term relationships and friendships were built amidst the hosts and the visitors as testified by the participants Im a doer, you k at a time. I like to do stuff for people and it gave me a disaster to do that. And also, you know, as other people said, to really get immersed into the community and I find when you work with people you really can see the real aspects of the population there much more so than, you know, in a hotel lobby. And so on even if you are friendly and surmount and so on, you just dont get to really know what peoples lives are like and this gave us such an opportunity to do that and get acquainted and make relationships.Giving back and making a differenceThe second motivational theme that emerged was the desire to give back and reach out to the less privileged. Many participants felt that they do well in life and wanted to give back. Spending time to help p eople in need is a good way to just do that. A trip with a purpose is appealing to participants because it offers them a chance to help with the less fortunate instead of pure self-enjoyment. It appears individuals who are seeking a purpose-driven life as put by one of the focus group participants, are drawn to the notion that volunteer vacation serves as a means to give back to society.So I decided to do it because I do well in life and I like to give back. I enjoy doing that kind of work and so I think my main reason was its time to start giving back again.My daughter and I went. My save and I have been lucky enough to travel a lot, and I just got to thinking that its really nice to go just and lay on the beach and have people lodge on you and I really enjoy it, dont get me wrong. And we also enjoyed immersing yourself in the culture through taking bicycle trips but it just seemed to be kind of selfish, so I thought by chance it would be nice to be a little unselfish. quest cam araderieA terce motivational theme attests to the camaraderie that is sought on volunteer vacations. For well-travelled individuals, these trips bring together the most gratifying groups, according to half of the study subjects. Meeting and interacting with people from the said(prenominal) travel group who share common interests and values appear to be major motives behind volunteer vacation. Many interviewees and focus group members concurred that travelling with people with similar minds and making friends certainly added value and enjoyment to the overall leisure trip experience. workings with fellow group members in the volunteerAnd you know you are working side by side with a lot of good people. It also shows other cultures that Americans are willing to give in a physical way, in terms of acquire down and dirty. Folks from Guatemala were taken back by the fact we were working. I think it is just another way of making ourselves ambassadors for the good people in our society. Seeking camaraderie appeared to be a sentiment voiced by the majority of the first focus group as a stronger motivator for volunteer vacations. However, considering the first focus group participants were composed of individuals who had various levels of prior volunteer vacation experiences, the researchers were concerned that seeking camaraderie could be attributed more to a benefit factor than a motivational factor. That is, would individuals actually choose volunteer vacation because they anticipate building new friendships or was it a benefit realised in retrospect resulting from the vacation volunteer experience? The researchers conducted a second focus group with six individuals prior to their first volunteer vacation. The second focus group appeared to nourish that meeting with and having a good time with people of similar interests was one of the motivational aspects that they were looking forward to. As one participant put it It is about blending good hard work and volunte ering with some fun activities wrapped around it and know that there will be some pretty peachy people doing the said(prenominal) thing.Seeking educational and bonding opportunities for childrenThe volunteer vacationers appear to be also motivated by the educational and family-bonding opportunities that volunteer vacation experience presents. In the case where volunteer vacationers travelled with their children, informants agreed that the volunteer experience was an opportunity for them to impart their value system to their children. They believed that the volunteer experience they shared with their children can teach children that there are people in the world who are less fortunate, that there is broad diversity in the world, and that material items should be of minimal importance. Informants also believe that the volunteer experience helps teach children the value of giving, an important component in life. It is sheer that participating in volunteer work with children while on vacation is perceived as having an educational component for the younger generation as testified by one participantWell, in conjunction with the obtaindaughter bonding quality time to spend with my daughter, the thing that appealed about Ambassadors for Children for me was that many of our children live in a privileged world compared to the rest of the world. And I wanted my daughter to understand the environment, the social issues, the lack of any kind of parenting that some of these children are exposed to, just to give her a better understanding of the world outside, of course, the sheltered environment that many of us live in. And Ambassadors for Children sort of fit that bill. It was something that I could actively participate in instead of serving on a committee. That attracted me to Ambassadors for Children initially andnow it is that I can have hands-on experience with the children and share those experiences with my family also. some other related, but distinct, motivation al factor is seeking better bonding opportunities with children. Volunteering together with children appears to be a very good interacting context for parents and their children and/orgrandchildren. For many interviewees and focus group members, it is very important to be able to spend quality time with loved ones, especially children or grandchildren, and taking a volunteer vacation together appears to enable them to achieve that goal. A volunteer experience builds a special shared experience with children, as echoed by one fatherInitially I became involved with Ambassadors for Children because Im a father and I have daughters. And there were so many things I could do with my son athletically. I coached sports. Im involved obviously in games and things with my son all the time. But for a father sometimes there are limits how he can interact with his daughters. So I wanted to look at something my daughter and I could do together other than dismission to the mall or going shopping o r going to the beach. So I looked into Ambassadors for Children and thats how I initially got involved in it.The benefits and impact of volunteer vacationsIt appears to be consensual among all participants that the volunteer component of the vacation became, in fact, the highlight of the total vacation experience This personal interaction with the family, and their obvious appreciation of having a home and having people that they didnt know willing to help them that made the whole experience.I think again that the self-realisation and the memories you bring back of what happened between you and the people that you met to me are wonderful. And you think of travel and the beautiful sites youve seen, but the kids faces are the most beautiful.I think the vacation was fun I just think it (the volunteer experience) was another element to bring to it that was even neater. It just gave you a little more culture and that puts you in direct touch with the people and that helps you talk to t hem a little more. It was a lot of fun.I think theres a great number of people who are looking for new experiences. In other words you can only lay on the beach so many times, you can only stay in nice hotel so many times and although thats good and its good toget away I think people many people are looking for new experiences and heres an opportunity for you to travel to have a vacation experience and at the same time take a small time out of that vacation experience and do something that is meaningful, and do something that last in your memory and do something that makes a difference.The volunteering component of the leisure vacation seems to have become a vacation experience enhancer in multiple ways. First, meeting and interacting with people with shared interests from the same travel group has added value tothe overall leisure trip experience. It was brought out repeatedly that participants genuinely enjoyed the interaction and group dynamics of their travel companies. This typ e of travel companionship and interaction appears to enhance the enjoyment of the overall leisure trip. Second, volunteer vacationers discovered that material needs were of minimal importance and the little things that happen such as the exchange of love, care, curiosity, understanding, and appreciation were the highlights of their trips. Third, in a broader sense, the volunteer vacationers became the ambassadors for their own country. The helping and commitment appeared to provide a window for international communities to understand the American people, projectingthe friendly, generous and helpful American image as was attested by one informant. . . . But I always want the children to know and understand that were from the US, that we represent American people that were being American interest there . . . People have done things for them that they didnt have to do. Theyve taken their time their money and their energy to help these people. And maybe some day that will make a differe nce. Maybe instead of someone having bad thoughts about the US they can remember there were people that came here for me and helped me from a dental standpoint, from a medical standpoint, from a clothing standpoint, or whatever, and maybe they wont have such a oppose bias towards the US like so many people do these days.When asked whether there were any abide benefits or impacts from their volunteer vacation experiences, the study participants also agree that the impact permeates beyond the vacation trip itself. A sense of self fulfilment and personal growth are among the most mentioned persistent makeYou go thinking you are going to help people makes their lives better. But you end up getting far more out of it than you put in. It is a real blessing. I dont know how to put it into words but it went above and beyond my expectations I guess. What I expected to get out of it and how it still affects me today three years later and my friend that went with me how its changed her lif e dramatically its just one of those things that blows me away when I look back it was just a beginning point for what I can see myself doing in the future and for her as well.Another common sentiment is that the shared volunteering experience appeared to have an enduring effect on enhancing family relationships. Well its helped me to in some ways to communicate with my children that the life that they have is a very privileged life and a lot of people dont have even the percentage of opportunity or life that theyre able to enjoy. I dont think children get that by seeing it on television, I think children have to have a personal relationship with particularly young children have to have personal experiences to help you communicate with them.The one thing that I do notice is we have a lot of stuff around the house. Weve imperturbable bits and pieces. But stuff that weve gotten on these trips has fairly prominent locations and all of it tends to say, ah . . . that was a neatexperienc e. They are reminders. Theres a Guatemalan embroidery here, and a Cuban picture there, and a picture from Brazil.Its a great shared experiences when you get back to, you know, talk about it. When we talked and shared pictures with friends and so on to remember the, you know even if we didnt always do the same thing. We were there at the same time and saw a lot of the same things and met a lot of the same people and had very much the same feelings. Thats a neat thing to share and compare.Many informants also emphasised the realisation of the stark differences in material life how privileged we are versus them. The transcending effect is especially apparent among the younger informants. In the individual in-depth interview sessions with individuals in their teens and early 20s, informants agreed that the volunteering experience went beyond their expectations for the trip, and wedged their lives in a profound way. Forinstance, several interviewees said that their future career choices would be influenced as a result of their volunteering experiences.It challenged me. It opened my eyes to other parts of the world. My passion for children and missionary work has grown. My friend who went with me is now in Uganda on a mission It just brings you back that basic humanity with everything else stripped away, we are just the same and that is exciting and encouraging. I see them in Gods eyes. Were all the same. We have the same needs, the same wants, the same desires and same fears. They want family just as much as I do.Discussions and ConclusionUsing qualitative focus group and personal interview approaches, this study examined the motivational and benefit factors of volunteer tourism from the perspectives of vacationers who spend a small proportion of their trip volunteering at the destination. More specifically, we sought to understand what the underlying psychological factors are and whether they are similar to or different from two phenomena (1) volunteerism those o f pure missionary or service trips where individuals devote the entire or the majority of their time to volunteer work, and (2) mainstream tourism where individuals travel for pure leisure purposes. The goal of the research was to broker the linkages between volunteer vacation motives, mainstream tourism motives, and volunteerism travel motives. The findings of this research appear to suggest some similarities as well as differences between the volunteer-minded travellers and the vacationminded travellers. The motivations of the volunteer vacationers appear to be conforming to some degree to volunteering motives in general in such aspects as personal fulfilment, identity enhancement and self-expression (Stebbins, 1982, 1992, 2004), promoting peace (Philbrook, pers comm) and cultural exchange(Broad, 2003).However, this study also revealed factors that appear to be specific to the phenomenon of volunteer vacationing. For instance, volunteer vacationers appear to attach high values to the opportunities for educating children and bonding with family members. Seeking camaraderie also appears to be a strong sentiment that is reflected in both motivational and benefit discussionsamong the participants. Further, volunteer vacationers seem to be driven by sense of adventure and desires for exploration and novelty, that are not as prominent with the more serious volunteer travellers. Borrowing Plogs (1974) theorisation, the volunteer vacationers can also be labelled as allocentrics explorers and adventure seekers, who tend to choose remote and untouched destinations. While both groups have demonstrated certain altruistic motives, the notion of altruism for the volunteer vacationers is much less apparent. Using an ethnographic case study approach, Broad (2003) examined the relationship between volunteers, their volunteering experiences and the outcomes that eventuated. Broads study subjects were serious volunteers in Phuket, Thailand. His study found that just under two -thirds of volunteers were motivated by an altruistic desire to help, although other motives similar to the volunteer vacationers were also present such as working with similar people, or a desire to develop personality as a result of volunteering. Interestingly, serious volunteers also indicated that their volunteering was at least partly motivated by a desire to travel and a chance to experience a new culture.This study also revealed some intriguing patterns of the interplay between the general leisure travel motivation and motivational factors underliningvolunteer vacation. It appears that the motivational factors for volunteer vacation intertwine with multiple layers of general leisure vacation motivation. While volunteer vacationers demonstrate that there is a definite notion of self-actualisation and authenticity, the highest level of needs as per Maslows hierarchy of needs theory, the volunteer vacationers appear to also be potently motivated by lower-level factors such as love and social needs as well as learning needs. Another evoke observation is that the volunteer vacation motivational factors appear to follow the directive argument about self- and others-directed motivations, as proposed by Pearce (1982) in his travel career ladder model. This investigation showed that the motivational factors were largely driven from two different aspects self-directed acquaint, learn, feel better, self-actualise other-directed help, connect, understand. The benefits resulting from the volunteer vacation experience also seem to align with the directional argument. They can be grouped as self-enhancement (such as becoming a better person) and other-enhancement (such as imparting values on children).This study also adds a new dimension to this post-modern tourism phenomenon and is in line with trends that battalion tourism is in more of a spiritual search and a desire for travel opportunities that increase the sense of place. While the increasingly popular ec otourism experiences emphasise the notion of learning, environmental obligation and social responsibility, which breaks away from the mass commodified tourism products, volunteer vacations present an altruistic theme in which participants can make a difference and help others. What is the significance of spending only a small proportion of time volunteering during a holiday? The volunteer vacation purports an infusion of an ideological conflict from the market-driven priorities of mass tourism. This divergence, however unintentional, seems to converge well with the societal needs of the fast-paced, stress-driven contemporary world. Individuals are in fact increasingly using tourism, especially experiences with a strong spiritual notion, as a means of ameliorate their home life, rather than merely escaping from it. Thiscould explain the rapid growth of volunteer vacation as a travel phenomenon in recent years.The benefits derived from the volunteer vacation appear to be temporary o r enduring in nature. Temporary or immediate benefits could be having a higher level of satisfaction with the overall leisure trip as a result of the volunteering experience. The enduring benefit effects centre around the developments of both self and others, as well as social relationship enhancement. The social interactions pertaining to the volunteer vacation domain appear to enhance relationships in a multifaceted manner(1) Interacting with people from the destination community promotes mutual understanding and appreciation and friendship.(2) Interacting with travel group members with similar interests and values promotes friendship and peer bonding.(3) Interacting with family members, such as spouse and children, promotes healthier family relationships and tighter bonding.This research contributes to the tourism literature by brokering the linkages between the volunteering, volunteer vacationing, mass tourism vacationing and motivation to travel. The volunteer vacation phenomen on appears to bridge the altruistic motives of volunteering with the general commodified tourism experiences. In this regard, the outcome of this research also bears some practical implications for the tourism industry practitioners.Volunteer vacation seems to provide a new avenue for tourism satisfaction. As demonstrated in this research, this concept brings about a higher level of trip satisfaction for the participants. We are identifying a new and unique market segment that is neither a pure leisure trip nor a pure volunteer experience. Implementing this concept will create authentic cultural experiences unlike any other in the industry. This philosophy and practice of volunteer tourism can be linked to the mainstream tourism with its focus on market priorities. The outcome of this hybridised approach in the global marketplace of tourism can potentially generate new market dynamics and promises while enabling every traveller to be an ambassador for peace.The authors acknowledge t hat while this research presents an interesting snapshot of the emerging volunteer vacation phenomenon, the generalisability of the research outcome is limited, as it is based on a small sample from one organisation with qualitative methodologies such as focus groups and personal interviews. intimately more research is needed in this area to better attempt to understand the dimensionalities of the motivational and benefit factors of volunteer tourism and the interplay of mass tourism motives and volunteer motives. To achieve this goal and increase internal and external validities of the research findings, more stringent measurement scales will be developed based on the qualitative analyses and extensive literature review. Quantitative approaches based on structured measurements and more inclusive or vocalization samples should be adopted. Nonetheless, this research serves as an excellent baseline for more statistically rigorous follow-up research which should produce broader infer ences in this specialised field of tourism studies.ReferencesAustralian Bureau of Statistics (1986) Volunteering in NSW. Canberra Australian Government Publishing Service. Beach, J. and Ragheb, M.G. (1983) Measuring leisure motivation. Journal of Leisure inquiry 15 (3), 21928.Beigbeder, Y. (1991) The Role and lieu of International Humanitarian Volunteers and Organizations. capital of the United Kingdom Martinus Nijhoff. Bello, D.C. and Etzel, M.J. (1985) The role of novelty in the pleasure travel experience. Journal of Travel query Summer, 2026.Broad, S. (2003) Living the Thai life A case study of volunteer tourism at the Gibbon Rehabilitation Project, Thailand. Tourism Recreation Research 28 (3), 6372. Brown, S. and Morrison, A. (2003) Expanding volunteer vacation participation. An exploratory study on the mini-mission concept. Tourism Recreation Research 28 (3), 73 82.Burns, P. and Holden, A. (1995) Tourism A New Perspective. London, New York Prentice Hall.Campbell, K. (1999) You name it volunteers do it. Christian Science Monitor 91 (60), 19. Clark, K. (1978) The nonpartizan Street a Survey of Volunteer Service Abroad. Wellington, NZ New Zealand Council for Educational Research.Cnaan, R.A., Handy, F. and Wadsworth, M. (1996) Defining who is a volunteerConceptual and empirical considerations. Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly 25, 36483. Crompton, J. (1979) Motivations for pleasure vacations. Annals of Tourism Research 6, 408 24.Dann, G. (1977) Anomie, ego-enhancement and tourism. Annals of Tourism Research 4, 184 94.Darby, M. (1994) International development and youth challenge Personal development through a volunteer experience. MA Thesis, School of Leisure and Tourism Studies, University of Technology, Sydney.Gazley, B. (2001) Volunteer vacationers and what research can tell us about them. E-Volunteerism (12).Gillette, A. (1968) One Million Volunteers. Ringwood, Victoria Penguin. Graumann, C.F. (1981) Motivation. Wiesbaden Akad.Hudson, S. (199 9) Consumer behavior related to tourism. In A. Pizam and Y. Mansfeld (eds) Consumer Behavior in Travel and Tourism. New York Haworth Hospitality. Kellicker, P. (2004) Volunteer vacations The health benefits of helping others. On vane at http//www.http//somersetmedicalcenter.com/110299. Accessed 07.07.04. Kernan, J.B. and Domzal, T. (2001) Playing on the post-modern edge Action as self-identity. In A.G. Woodside, G.I. Crouch, J.A. Mazanec, M. Oppermann and M.Y. Sakai (eds) Consumer Psychology of Tourism, Hospitality and Leisure. Oxon CABI. Kernan, J.B. and Unger, L.S. (1987) Leisure, quality-of-life and marketing. In A.C. Samli (ed.) merchandise and the Quality-of-Life Interface. Westport, CT Quorum. Leopold, C. (2000) International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies. On WWW at http//www.e-volunteerism.com/fall2000/intlexchintro.html. Accessed 07.07.04.Maslow, A.H. (1954) Motivation and Personality. New York Harper and Brothers. Maslow, A.H. (1970) Motivation and Pe rsonality (3rd edn). New York Harper and Row. Mayo, E.J. and Jarvis, L.P. (1981) The Psychology of Leisure Travel Effective Marketing and Selling of Travel Services. Boston CBI Publising Co.McMillion, B., Cutchins, D. and Geissinger, A. (2003) Volunteer VacationsShort Term Adventures That Will Benefit You and Others (8th edn). dinero Chicago Review Press.Mill, A.S. and Morrison, A.M. (2002) The Tourism System An Introductory Text. Dubuque, IA Kendall-Hunt.Oppermann, M. (2000) Where psychology and geography interface in tourism research and theory. In A.G. Woodside, G.I. Crouch, J.A. Mazanec, M. Oppermann and M.Y. Sakai (eds) Consumer Psychology of Tourism, Hospitality and Leisure. Oxon CABI. Parrinello, G. (2002) Motivation and anticipation in post-industrial tourism. In Y. Apostolopoulos, S. Leivadi and A. Yiannakis (eds) The Sociology of Tourism Theoretical and semiempirical Investigations. London Routledge.Pearce, P. (1982) The Social Psychology of Tourist Behavior. Oxford Perg amon. Pearce, P. (1993) Fundamentals of tourist motivation. In D.G. Pearce and R.W. Butler (eds) Tourism Research, Critiques and Challenges. London Routledge. Plog, S.C. (1974) Why destination areas rise and fall in popularity. Cornell Hotel and Restaurant Quarterly 14 (4), 558. Schmalt, H.D. (1996) Motivationpsychologie. Stuttgart Kohlhammer. Stebbins, R.A. (1982) undecomposed leisure A conceptual statement. Pacific Sociological Review 25, 25172.Stebbins, R.A. (1992) Amateurs, Professionals and Serious Leisure. Montreal McGill-Queens University Press.Stebbins, R.A. (2004) Introduction. In R.A. Stebbins and M. Graham (eds) Volunteering as Leisure, Leisure as Volunteering An International Assessment. Oxon CABI. Stebbins, R.A. and Graham, M. (eds) (2004) Volunteering as Leisure, Leisure as Volunteering An International Assessment. Oxon CABI.Swarbrooke, J. and Horner, S. (2003) Consumer Behavior in Tourism. Oxford ButterworthHeinemann. Thoits, P.A. and Hewitt, L.N. (2001) Volunteer work and well-being. Journal of Health and Social Behavior 42, 11531.Van Til, J. (1979) In search of volunteerism. Volunteer Administration 12, 820. United States Department of Larbor Bureau of Labor Statistics. (2003) Volunteering in the United States. On WWW at http//www.bls.gov/newsrelease/volun.nr0.htm. Accessed 07.07.04.Wang, N. (2000) Tourism and Modernity. Oxford Elsevier Science. Wearing, S.L. (2001) Volunteer Tourism Seeking Experiences That Make a Difference. Wallingford CABI.Wearing, S.L. (2003) Editorial. Tourism Recreation Research 28 (3), 34.